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We reviewed the literature on urothelial carcinoma in the prostatic urethra and prostate. We concluded that the incidence of urothelial carcinoma in the prostatic urethra and prostate is probably underestimated. This fact warrants thorough follow-up of patients with high-risk bladder cancers and also whole-mount examination of the prostate after cystectomy to recognize the true incidence and exten
Technical infrastructures of the society are becoming more and more interconnected and interdependent, i.e. the function of an infrastructure influences the function of other infrastructures. Disturbances in one infrastructure therefore often traverse to other dependent infrastructures and possibly even back to the infrastructure where the failure originated. It is becoming increasingly important
We present a comprehensive study of the crystal structure, magnetic structure, and microscopic magnetic model of (CuBr)LaNb2O7, the Br analog of the spin-gap quantum magnet (CuCl) LaNb2O7. Despite similar crystal structures and spin lattices, the magnetic behavior and even peculiarities of the atomic arrangement in the Cl and Br compounds are very different. The high- resolution x-ray and neutron
We take a fairly comprehensive approach to the problem of solving elliptic partial differential equations numerically using integral equation methods on domains where the boundary has a large number of corners and branching points. Use of non-standard integral equations, graded meshes, interpolatory quadrature, and compressed inverse preconditioning are techniques that are explored, developed, mix
During endurance flight most birds do not feed and have to rely on their body reserves. Fat and protein is catabolised to meet the high energetic demands. Even though the hormonal regulation of migration is complex and not yet fully understood. the adrenocortical hormone corticosterone crystallizes to play a major role in controlling physiological traits in migratory birds during flight. However,
A newly digitized record of snow depth from the Abisko Scientific Research Station in northern Sweden covers the period 1913-present. Mean snow depths were taken from paper records of measurements made on a profile comprising 10 permanent stakes. This long-term record yields snow depths consistent with two other shorter term Abisko records: measurements made at another 10-stake profile (1974-prese
In this work, GaN/InGaN/GaN nanocolumns (NCs) have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Selective area growth (SAG) and self-organized growth (SOG) were performed simultaneously in patterned and unpatterned regions of the same substrate, respectively. The resulting structures show different tip morphologies and structural properties due to the different polarity along the growth direction, namely
Secondary aerosols formed from anthropogenic pollutants and natural emissions have substantial impacts on human health, air quality, and the Earth's climate. New particle formation (NPF) contributes up to 70% of the global production of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), but the effects of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and their oxidation products on NPF processes in forests are poorly
Although, today, jus cogens is a recognized element of international law and international legal discourse alike, many issues of vital importance to a well-functioning jus cogens regime remain unsettled. The current debate centres on the following six questions: (1) What is the source of jus cogens obligations? (2) What is the role of consent in the creation and modification of jus cogens norms? (
The Middle Ordovician (Dapingian–middle Darriwilian) “orthoceratite limestone” is documented in its traditional type area at Kinnekulle in the province of Västergötland in southern Sweden. Detailed field studies combined with systematic qualitative and quantitative analyses of carbonate microfacies at high stratigraphic resolution show that this suite of cool-water carbonate rocks is more variable
InP nanowire arrays with axial p-i-n junctions are promising devices for next-generation photovoltaics, with a demonstrated efficiency of 13.8%. However, the short-circuit current in such arrays does not match their absorption performance. Here, through combined optical and electrical modeling, we study how the absorption of photons and separation of the resulting photogenerated electron-hole pair
With climate change resulting from a history of uncontrolled greenhouse gas emissions, all parts of society now need to take action - maybe most importantly the private sector. Since 2015 the Science Based Targets (SBT) initiative has committed over 5000 companies worldwide to heavily reduce their total emissions at a pace that scientists deem necessary for average global temperature rise to stay
Licensavtal spelar en central roll som medel för kommersialisering av intellektuella prestationer och resurser. Genom licensavtal kan en rättighetshavare ge någon annan rätt att nyttja en immaterialrätt inom avtalets ramar, utan att rättigheten som sådan överlåts. I många fall är avtalen dessutom varaktiga, eftersom nyttjanderätten består under viss tid. Frågan om förtida upphörande aktualiseras dLicence agreements play a central role in commercialising intellectual achievements and resources. Through such agreements, a rights holder can grant another party the right to use an intellectual property right within the agreement’s framework, without transferring the right itself. In many cases, the agreements are long-term, as the right of use remains in force for a certain period. The issue o
På senare år har Europeiska unionen tydliggjort möjligheten för upphand- lande myndigheter att ta arbetsrättsliga hänsyn i offentlig upphandling. Där- med har social hänsyn fått en mer framträdande roll inom upphandlingsrätten. För svenskt vidkommande har emellertid arbetsrättsliga krav använts i be- gränsad utsträckning, trots handlingsutrymmet som följer av unionsrätten. Mot denna bakgrund utredIn recent years, the European Union has clarified the possibility for contract- ing authorities to take labour law considerations into account in public pro- curement. As a result, social considerations have assumed a more prominent role within public procurement law. However, despite the opportunities pro- vided, labour law requirements have been applied to a limited extent in Swe- den. Thus, thi
Brottet vållande till annans död kännetecknas av att en persons agerande lett till någons död utan att detta varit avsiktligt eller kontrollerat från start till slut. För att kunna konstatera att detta agerande varit så pass klandervärt att det faller under straffrättsligt ansvar har domstolen att ta ställning till huruvida en otillåten risk har företagits. Vad som utgör ett otillåtet risktagande To cause someone’s death by mistake can bring criminal liability. For this mistake to be punishable, the court must decide whether an unacceptable risk has been taken. This assessment, however, is surrounded by difficulties when applied in the healthcare system. In medical decision-making, science and proven experience serve as a benchmark for acceptable actions. This essay aims to examine how th
We live in a society where online shopping is becoming the most common form of shopping. Companies are investing and growing their online market by offering cheap and quick deliveries, online offers that beat in-store prices and increasing the number of package pick-up locations. We live a faster-paced lifestyle, which makes online shopping more convenient for us. The rapid change in our shopping
We develop methods for estimation, inference and optimization of causal effects from observational data with continuous treatments. We present a counterfactual prediction method based on the potential outcomes framework that estimates the expected value of a potential outcome given a treatment level and confounders. We show that the method identifies the average generalized treatment effect (AGTE)
