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Xyloside analogues with substitution of the endocyclic oxygen atom by sulfur or carbon were investigated as substrates for β-1,4-galactosyltransferase 7 (β4GalT7), a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycan chains. The analogues with an endocyclic sulfur atom proved to be excellent substrates for β4GalT7, and were galactosylated approximately fifteen times more efficiently than the corr
What explains variation in military spending? Conventional wisdom suggests that states arm because of either foreign threats or domestic political institutions. The literature treats these factors as distinct and separate (Nordhaus et. al. 2012, Fordham and Walker 2005, Goldsmith 2003). Less attention is given to how states with different internal constraints respond to similar circumstances. This
IntroductionThe World Health Organization (WHO) has concluded that physical inactivity and overweight/obesity are the world's fourth and fifth leading risk factors for non-communicable diseases, respectively. This article investigates the potential for active commuting by bicycle in Scania county, southern Sweden, and its possible impact on public health. Physical inactivity is a growing problem o
Since the 1970’s there has been several attempts within the UN at drafting a binding instrument on business and human rights. Up until today, none of the attempts at adopting binding standards have succeeded, with the only successful initiative being the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights – a voluntary set of guiding principles meant to further the respect for human rig
The project explores the application of urban farming in a high-density urban area while considering local characteristics. The site is located on Xiamen Island, China. China has a long history with agriculture since ancient times. However, with the economic growth and urban sprawl from the 1970s, the farming lands are gradually taken by the modern urban blocks. The urban planning did not consid
With a far going protection of IP rights, the EU aims to protect the assets of companies which invested in innovative products. If the EU framework provides a far going mechanism of protection of IP rights, the complexity and the cost of this mechanism have been a barrier to the access of IP rights. In additional to these structural issues, the digital revolution introduced new challenges for the
Globally, 500 million smallholder farmers require finance to secure a more productive, efficient, sustainable, and inclusive food system. Thus far, traditional financial services have been unsuccessful in reaching these farmers. Yet, mobile money services are proposed as a potential tool for enabling smallholder farmers access to financial services. Nonetheless, this proposed impact of mobile mone
Denna avhandling handlar om teoretisk partikelfysik. Partikelfysik handlar om elementarpartiklar och hur dessa växelverkar med varandra, dvs vilka krafter som verkar mellan dem. Detta är hur materien ser ut på den minsta skala vi har kunnat studera experimentellt. Den teori som beskriver de starka, svaga och elektromagnetiska krafterna och de materiepartiklar som vi känner till, kvarkar och leptonThis thesis includes two topics.The first three papers is the major part of this thesis, which is about higher order calculations in the effective field theories of three QCD-like theories. These three QCD-like theories are distinguished by having quarks in a complex, real or pseudo-real representation of gauge group. We wrote their effective field theories in a very similar way so that the calcul
This report was initiated and conducted as input to the discussions based on the “Vision 2015” document for the Nordic Swan that explicitly states a wish to find ways to make use of ecolabelling in the green public procurement (GPP) setting. In 2014, the Directive (2004/18/EG) on public procurement was revised and replaced by Directive (2014/24/EU). Some of the restrictions in using ecolabelling i
We investigate a model for buffer management of multi-class traffic into a finite shared buffer. A hierarchy of increasingly stronger linear programming relaxations for this model is proposed. The number of hierarchies equals the number of job classes. Each relaxation in the hierarchy is constructed by projecting the original achievable performance region into a polytope with fewer variables and f
How do small states approach their security problems? What types of strategic instruments exist for small states, and when and why are certain strategies chosen rather than others? The security of `weak' states is problematic, demanding trade-offs in the decisions made. Using 19th century Swedish security policy as an example, it is argued here that small states, in their pursuit of security and a
The notion of human rights is built on the fact that they are universal rights and thus applies to everyone without exceptions. Despite this irregular workers are denied their labour rights and their human rights due to the fact that they are living in a country unlawfully. The states use methods as regularizing irregular migrants or enabling tougher sanctions against irregular migration in order
Over the past decades, sustainable production and consumption pattern has been addressed on a global level. Business is a powerful stakeholder in the development of sustainable consumption and production systems as it represents a great proportion of competence, resources and mechanisms (Charter, Gray, Clark and Woolman, 2008). The global approach toward achieving sustainable production and consum
