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Frågan om restprodukter – ämnen eller material som oavsiktligt framställts i en produktionsprocess – ska utgöra avfall eller inte är en omdebatterad fråga i EU:s avfallslagstiftning. EU-domstolen har tagit upp frågan i ett flertal mål och genom sin praxis ställt upp kriterier som utgör en princip för när en restprodukt utgör en biprodukt och inte ett avfall – i detta arbete benämnt biproduktprinciThe question if a residual substance – a material that has been unintentionally produced in a production process – should be regarded as a waste is a heavily debated question in EU waste legislation. The European Court of Justice (ECJ) has brought the question to attention in a number of cases, and has through its case law put forward a number of criteria as to when a residual substance shall be c

I en komparativ studie undersöktes regleringen av flera former av eutanasi (dödshjälp) och assisterat självmord i Sverige, Nederländerna, Schweiz och Italien. Även Europadomstolens praxis, samt attityder till och förekomst av eutanasi behandlades och resultaten sammanställdes. Bland de jämförda länderna är aktiv eutanasi, dvs. att aktivt förkorta en annans liv, tillåtet endast för nederländska lThe regulation of several types of euthanasia and assisted suicide in Sweden, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Italy was examined, as well as case law from the European Court of Human rights, and attitudes towards and occurrence of euthanasia. The results were then analysed. Active euthanasia, i.e. to actively shorten the life of another person, is legal only for Dutch physicians. The physician

I många tvistemålsrättegångar råder osäkerhet om ett rättsfaktum föreligger eller inte. Det kan exempelvis röra sig om att domaren inte vet om en betalning skett eller ej. Domaren kan inte avstå från att avgöra målet. Ofta tas förgivet att just en bevisbörderegel ska användas, även fast överviktsprincipen är ett alternativ. Rättssäkerhet är en grundbult i en fungerande rättsstat. Bör då inte den lIn many civil lawsuits, there is an uncertainty regarding it is unclear whether a fact is valid or not. For example the judge is might be unaware whether payment has been sent or not. The judge cannot, however, choose to omit to resolve the case. It is often taken for granted that the burden of proof principle should be used, even though the rule of preponderance of evidence also is an alternative

Popular Abstract in Swedish Benskörhet (osteoporos) är ett tillstånd som definieras av låg benmassa och ökar med stigande ålder. Osteoporos är idag en av de stora folksjukdomarna och man räknar med att en tiondel av alla män och en fjärdedel av alla kvinnor i Sverige drabbas. Tillståndet är i sig symptomfritt men ökar risken att råka ut för ett benbrott (fraktur) redan vid lättare fall. Frakturer The aim of this thesis was to evaluate risk factors for bone fragility and fractures in postmenopausal women in a long-term perspective. The study period spanned from the age of 48 to age 82 and is thus unique in its length. The studied sample was homogeneous and consisted of 390 north European women from a population-based cohort. At the start of the study, general health and lifestyle parameters

Virtual pedagogical agents (VPAs), i.e. computer generated characters in pedagogical roles, populate the digital society in increasing numbers. They are found in educational programs from preschool to university. In a broader educational context, they function as virtual medical counsellors, physical exercise coaches and guides on city web pages – and they also appear in edutainment and infotainme

Popular Abstract in Swedish Polyomavirus är en familj av små DNA-virus som har onkogena egenskaper i försöksdjur i celler in vitro. De humana polyomavirusen BK virus (BKV) och JC virus (JCV) infekterar en stor del av befolkningen. Ungefär 70-80 % av vuxna är seropositiva, har antikroppar mot BKV och JCV. Primär infektion inträffar oftast under barndomen och är ofta subklinisk. Efter primära infektThe human polyomaviruses BKV and JCV are endemic and infect > 70% of population worldwide. Primary infections occur during childhood and are largely subclinical. Following primary infection, both viruses persist as latent infections in the kidneys and B lymphocytes. Under conditions of severe immunosuppression like leukaemia, organ transplantation and AIDS, the viruses can reactivate and cause dis

In this study we present a new aqueous two-phase system where both polymers are thermoseparating. In this system it is possible to recycle both polymers by temperature induced phase separation, which is an improvement of the aqueous two-phase system previously reported where one of the polymers was thermoseparating and the other polymer was dextran or a starch derivative. The polymers used in this

Landfilling in "cells" has become more common in recent years. Different waste streams are guided to different cells, among which the biocell is a landfill designed for biogas production. In this thesis, the dependence of biogas generation on waste composition was investigated. Six 8,000 m3 test cells, with contents ranging from mainly commercial waste to pure domestic waste and equipped with gas

Popular Abstract in Swedish Förbränningsmotor är i dagens värld den mest använda kraftkällan för fordon. Förbränningsmotorn har kontinuerligt utvecklats och förbättrats sedan Nicolaus August Ottos och Rudolf Diesels dagar, och kommer att fortsätta att utvecklas långt in i framtiden. Ingen konkurrerande teknik har ännu på allvar utmanat förbränningsmotorns ställning. Det finns en lång rad tänkbara The prime mover in the world today is the Internal Combustion (IC) engine. The development and improvement of the internal combustion engines since Nicolaus August Otto and Rudolf Diesel has continued until today and will continue long into the future. No major competitor to the IC engine has yet emerged. There is a long list of potential competitors but they still have to prove their superiority

Popular Abstract in Swedish I Sverige finns cirka 350 000 personer med diabetes. Motsvarande siffra i hela världen är cirka 350 miljoner människor och forskning talar för att antalet personer med diabetes kommer att öka dramatiskt under de närmsta decennierna. Den största ökningen sker i utvecklingsländer i urbana områden, till stor del beroende på livsstilsförändringar och förändringar i diet. UtSpecific aims: To examine whether the sociodemographic characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes affect the odds of reaching the recommended treatment goals for HbA1c and blood lipids (study 1). To investigate whether the odds of coronary heart disease are higher in patients with diabetes living in deprived neighborhoods than in those living in wealthy neighborhoods (Study 2). To examine th

The research described in this thesis, focuses on some activities on the demand side that could reduce peak load in electricity system by using consumer flexibility i.e. by increasing the demand side response to signals coming from the energy market. The major objective is to test and analyse different strategies to reduce peak load at the demand side considering their techno-economic, environment

An important factor for a user of web sites on the Internet is the duration of time between the request of a web page until an answer has been returned. If this response time is too long, the user is likely to abandon the web site and search for other providers of the service. To avoid this loss of users, it is important for the web site operator to assure that users are treated sufficiently fast.

A novel approach for surface wave testing of pavements is presented. It is a non-destructive testing (NDT) technique that can be used to obtain the thickness and stiffness properties of the different layers in a pavement. With this method structural properties of the pavement can be mapped as a function of time and space, providing a valuable tool in pavement design and management. The technical d

The thesis presents a rheological study on wheat flour dough, in relation to the structural influence of the different dough constituents, added components and mixing time. Rheological investigations have been focused on measurements at small deformations, including dynamic oscillation and stress relaxation, although complementing measurements have been performed in large deformation viscosity exp

This chapter aims to discuss the meaning and implication, in terms of international law, of the concept of permanence with accountability in the framework of the tenth Review Conference of the States party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and in the interval between this and the next Review Conference. After contextualizing the concept of permanence with accountabili

Avian Influenza Viruses (AIVs) infect many mammals, including humans1. These AIVs are diverse in their natural hosts, harboring almost all possible viral subtypes2. Human pandemics of flu originally stem from AIVs3. Many fatal human cases during the H5N1 outbreaks in recent years were reported. Lately, a new AIV related strain swept through the human population, causing the 'swine flu epidemic'4.

This is a proposal to organize a session.Description:The rapid development of the technological progress is constantly reshaping the organization of the firm, raising important labour law issues.One of the red treads of this phenomenon is the shifting of the focus from the “activity” performed by the worker, to the “result” obtained.In the past it was not always possible to measure the output prod

In the last decades, the frequency and intensity of cyanobacterial blooms have been of increasing concern. They have become a direct threat to the drinking water supply by clogging filters, bringing odour and unpleasant taste to the treated water and worst of all, causing elevated cyanotoxins, which can be difficult to remove, yet lead to severe health issues. This thesis aims to present a compreh

The capacity to assemble, store, and make available information in databases is ever growing. This development has accelerated in recent decades, driven by the advent and increased use of digital networks. Already at an early stage, it led to demands for legal protection of databases. In most countries databases have been protected in national legislation based on copyright principles. However, th

This work investigates the concept of autonomy in three contexts: in constitutional law (SA), in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant (KA) and in the contemporary philosophical discussion on personal autonomy (PA). Tracing the concept of autonomy historically, we highlight similarities and dissimilarities between different definitions. For example, Kant’s account of self-legislation is traced back to S