Sökresultat

Frågan om restprodukter – ämnen eller material som oavsiktligt framställts i en produktionsprocess – ska utgöra avfall eller inte är en omdebatterad fråga i EU:s avfallslagstiftning. EU-domstolen har tagit upp frågan i ett flertal mål och genom sin praxis ställt upp kriterier som utgör en princip för när en restprodukt utgör en biprodukt och inte ett avfall – i detta arbete benämnt biproduktprinciThe question if a residual substance – a material that has been unintentionally produced in a production process – should be regarded as a waste is a heavily debated question in EU waste legislation. The European Court of Justice (ECJ) has brought the question to attention in a number of cases, and has through its case law put forward a number of criteria as to when a residual substance shall be c

The thesis deals with competition law and sport and is insofar divided into three sections. First, the Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty comes into view. This regulation was set into force on 1 May 2004 and replaced the former regulation 17/62. The main change is not the substance of

Popular Abstract in Swedish Polyomavirus är en familj av små DNA-virus som har onkogena egenskaper i försöksdjur i celler in vitro. De humana polyomavirusen BK virus (BKV) och JC virus (JCV) infekterar en stor del av befolkningen. Ungefär 70-80 % av vuxna är seropositiva, har antikroppar mot BKV och JCV. Primär infektion inträffar oftast under barndomen och är ofta subklinisk. Efter primära infektThe human polyomaviruses BKV and JCV are endemic and infect > 70% of population worldwide. Primary infections occur during childhood and are largely subclinical. Following primary infection, both viruses persist as latent infections in the kidneys and B lymphocytes. Under conditions of severe immunosuppression like leukaemia, organ transplantation and AIDS, the viruses can reactivate and cause dis

The research described in this thesis, focuses on some activities on the demand side that could reduce peak load in electricity system by using consumer flexibility i.e. by increasing the demand side response to signals coming from the energy market. The major objective is to test and analyse different strategies to reduce peak load at the demand side considering their techno-economic, environment

Virtual pedagogical agents (VPAs), i.e. computer generated characters in pedagogical roles, populate the digital society in increasing numbers. They are found in educational programs from preschool to university. In a broader educational context, they function as virtual medical counsellors, physical exercise coaches and guides on city web pages – and they also appear in edutainment and infotainme

Popular Abstract in Swedish Benskörhet (osteoporos) är ett tillstånd som definieras av låg benmassa och ökar med stigande ålder. Osteoporos är idag en av de stora folksjukdomarna och man räknar med att en tiondel av alla män och en fjärdedel av alla kvinnor i Sverige drabbas. Tillståndet är i sig symptomfritt men ökar risken att råka ut för ett benbrott (fraktur) redan vid lättare fall. Frakturer The aim of this thesis was to evaluate risk factors for bone fragility and fractures in postmenopausal women in a long-term perspective. The study period spanned from the age of 48 to age 82 and is thus unique in its length. The studied sample was homogeneous and consisted of 390 north European women from a population-based cohort. At the start of the study, general health and lifestyle parameters

The effect from mechanical-biological pre-treatment (MBT) of wastes in Sweden and Germany has been studied. The organic matter and biological activities were studied and compared. Other parameters such as heavy metals and nutrients were examined and related to the organic matter. The effect of low water content on degradation was investigated and the relevant legislation in the two countries was s

In this study we present a new aqueous two-phase system where both polymers are thermoseparating. In this system it is possible to recycle both polymers by temperature induced phase separation, which is an improvement of the aqueous two-phase system previously reported where one of the polymers was thermoseparating and the other polymer was dextran or a starch derivative. The polymers used in this

Popular Abstract in Swedish Förbränningsmotor är i dagens värld den mest använda kraftkällan för fordon. Förbränningsmotorn har kontinuerligt utvecklats och förbättrats sedan Nicolaus August Ottos och Rudolf Diesels dagar, och kommer att fortsätta att utvecklas långt in i framtiden. Ingen konkurrerande teknik har ännu på allvar utmanat förbränningsmotorns ställning. Det finns en lång rad tänkbara The prime mover in the world today is the Internal Combustion (IC) engine. The development and improvement of the internal combustion engines since Nicolaus August Otto and Rudolf Diesel has continued until today and will continue long into the future. No major competitor to the IC engine has yet emerged. There is a long list of potential competitors but they still have to prove their superiority

Landfilling in "cells" has become more common in recent years. Different waste streams are guided to different cells, among which the biocell is a landfill designed for biogas production. In this thesis, the dependence of biogas generation on waste composition was investigated. Six 8,000 m3 test cells, with contents ranging from mainly commercial waste to pure domestic waste and equipped with gas

Popular Abstract in Swedish Kvinnomisshandel är ett ärende som skiljer sig från andra polisärenden genom att det beskrivs som svårt att hantera. Polismän säger sig vilja agera men på grund av olika svårigheter - organisation, lagstiftning, de inblandades inställning - är man förhindrad att ingripa. I Vilja med förhinder låter Magnus Lundberg polismännen komma till tals. Genom åskådliggörande exempPolice officers often talk about wife abuse as a practical problem in their work situation. This problem is often used to explain why the officers do not file a complaint when they have reason to believe that a woman has been abused, something they are obliged to do according to Swedish law. One may approach these explanations as reflections of “reality”, as expressions of complicated work conditi

"The Glittering Misery" has treated certain aspects of Swedish society during the decades around the turn of the 19th Century. The enlisted men of the Crown Prince´s Hussar Regiment in Malmö have been utilised as a means by which to analyse society at this point in time. Questions which have been answered are: who the hussars were and what sort of life did they lead? What form did the relationship

The capacity to assemble, store, and make available information in databases is ever growing. This development has accelerated in recent decades, driven by the advent and increased use of digital networks. Already at an early stage, it led to demands for legal protection of databases. In most countries databases have been protected in national legislation based on copyright principles. However, th

This chapter aims to discuss the meaning and implication, in terms of international law, of the concept of permanence with accountability in the framework of the tenth Review Conference of the States party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and in the interval between this and the next Review Conference. After contextualizing the concept of permanence with accountabili

With the ever-growing traffic demands, the transportation networks are getting more and more congested. While expanding these networks with more roads is both costly and in many cities not even feasible, the rapid development of new sensing and communication techniques has made it possible to perform control of transportation networks in real-time. With the right usage of such technologies, existi

The broad goal of this thesis is to develop a deeper mathematical understanding of the processes at work in the neuronal network of a brain by rigorously examining very fundamental elements of the processes involved. Paper I considers the flow of discrete signals on a graph and Paper II the complexity arising from the interplay of simple units. The concrete probabilistic investigations of such mod

Artificiell intelligens utvecklas snabbt och blir alltmer självständig. Detta framgår av de patentansökningar som nyligen lämnats in för uppfinningar som gjorts av DABUS som är en AI. Enligt rättspraxis angående DABUS uppfinningar kan endast en fysisk person vara uppfinnare i patentlagstiftningens mening. Detta beror på att uppfinnaren måste ha rättskapacitet för att kunna inneha de rättigheterna Artificial intelligence is rapidly advancing and becoming more autonomous. This is highlighted by the recent patent applications filed for inventions made by the AI, DABUS. The case law regarding DABUS’ inventions holds that only a natural person can be an inventor within the meaning of patent law. This is because, to hold rights associated with being identified as the inventor, the inventor needs

På grund av bristande harmonisering mellan länders nationella skattesystem har det uppstått möjligheter för multinationella företag att använda sig av aggressiva skatteplaneringsmetoder. För att komma till bukt med problematiken krävs att länderna kan utbyta information om företagens skattebetalningar. För att främja informationsutbytet har OECD och EU tagit fram en åtgärd, så kallad land-för-landAs a result of insufficient harmonization between domestic tax systems, opportunities have occurred for multinational enterprises (MNE’s) to use aggressive tax planning. To overcome the difficulties, countries must be able to exchange information about the MNE’s tax payments. OECD and the EU have developed country-by-country reporting (CbCR) to ease the exchange of information. CbCR contains an ob

Background: E-commerce companies have grown considerably, leading to a changing role in logistics and supply chain management. Events such as the COVID-19 pandemic have significantly boosted the global e-commerce market, leading to traditional businesses adopting an online sales model. Therefore, optimising e-commerce operations has become a focus of study in recent years, where e-commerce has imp

I uppsatsen berörs frågeställningen om hur värdeersättning beräknas när en sakskada har inträffat, när egendom har skadats genom en annan persons handling. Värderingen utgår från den skadeståndsrättsliga bestämmelsen i 5:7 1 p. Skadeståndslagen (SFS 1972:207, nedan benämnd SkL). Uppsatsens kärna består av en presentation och en diskussion om vilken värderingsmetod som är tillämplig vid totalskada This essay deals with the question of how damages on personal property is to be calculated when a damage has occured. It is assumed in this essay that the personal property has been damaged by another person's action. The calculation of the indemnity is based on 5:7 1 p. SkL. The essay presents which method of valuation that is applicable when the damage has taken place, and how the detriment