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En ovisshet om ett rättsfaktums existens löser domstolarna oftast med att ena parten åläggs en bevisbörda. Det finns ett antal olika teorier och principer för bevisbördeplacering. När ett rättsfaktum utgörs av ett visst påstått avtalsinnehåll har HD emellertid i vissa fall, utan motivering, använt sig av avtalstolkning istället för en bevisbörderegel. Syftet med förevarande uppsats är därför dels The Swedish courts usually solve uncertainties regarding dispositive facts by using the burden of proof. There is no comprehensive, universal principle that is applicable in all cases; instead there are a number of different theories and principles. When a dispositive fact is made up of a certain alleged contractual content, the Swedish Supreme Court sometimes interprets the contract instead of u

The thesis sets out to investigate how collective mourning on social media is perceived by online audiences and what motivates their participation in it. It is centered around examining the aftermath of the Beirut and Paris attacks in 2015 and how mourning and solidarity was constructed online in their aftermath. The closeness in time of the two attacks illustrates the differences between how the

This study explores the implications of an encampment policy - criminalising refugees’ mobility beyond the borders of a camp - for the potential of Cash Based Transfer assistance in protracted refugee situations. As the success of Cash Based Transfer assistance implies market availability and access to commodities, and certain interaction between the host community and refugee population, it is ar

I en undersökning av gällande svensk rätt och praxis har det immaterialrättsliga skyddet för videospel i förhållande till upphovs- och patenträtt undersökts. Videospel åtnjuter ett immaterialrättsligt skydd i Sverige som i stora drag är täckande. Inom upphovsrätten har videospel länge skyddats som datorprogram. Samma specialbestämmelser som gäller för datorprogram har då gället för videospel. SkydIn an examination of current Swedish law and practice, has the intellectual property protection for video games in relation to copyright and patent law been investigated. The protection of the intellectual rights for video games in Sweden are comprehensive. In copyright law video games have long been protected as a computer program. All the regulation which have been applicable to programs have al

When pathogenic bacteria breach the epithelial lining at mucosal surfaces, rapidly available innate immune mechanisms are critical to halt the infection. In the present study, we characterized the production of antibacterial polypeptides released by epithelial cells. IFN-γ, but neither TNF nor IL-1β alone, induced release of antibacterial activity to a cell culture medium, causing a lytic appearan

Background: The health status of individuals is determined by multiple factors operating at both micro and macro levels and the interactive effects of them. Measures of health inequalities should reflect such determinants explicitly through sources of levels and combining mean differences at group levels and the variation of individuals, for the benefits of decision making and intervention plannin

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), the ancestors of all blood cells, have the ability to give rise to mature effector cells through a series of developmental steps. This is a tightly regulated, though a highly dynamic process: on the one hand, dysregulation in steady-state could lead to under- or overgrowth of certain blood cell lineages, whereas, on the other hand, demands for certain mature blood c

OBJECTIVE Patients with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) express autoantibodies against the 65-kDa isoform of GAD (GADA). Intervention with recombinant human GAD65 formulated with aluminium hydroxide (GAD-alum) given twice subcutaneously to LADA patients at intervals of 4 weeks was safe and did not compromise beta-cell function in a Phase II clinical trial. GADA affinity has been shown

Den här uppsatsen behandlar frågan om huruvida storskalig miljöförstöring, så kallat ekocid, bör erkännas som ett femte internationellt brott enligt Romstadgan för Internationella brottmålsdomstolen. Uppsatsens syfte är att reda ut vad brottet ekocid innebär, vilka juridiska utmaningar som finns kopp-lade till införandet, samt om en sådan kriminalisering är förenlig med Romstadgans syfte och ändamThis thesis examines whether large-scale environmental destruction, referred to as ecocide, should be recognized as the fifth core crime under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC). The aim of the thesis is to clarify the meaning of the proposed crime of ecocide, identify legal challenges associated with its implementation, and assess whether such criminalization aligns with t

Osteoarthritis is a multifactorial degenerative disease characterized by the breakdown of articular cartilage (AC), affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Among many treatment options, hydrogels have emerged as promising candidates for cartilage replacement, due to their structural resemblance to the native tissue. Hydrogels can be made from various materials, and this study focuses o

Background: Adult-onset diabetes comprises subgroups differing in pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and risk of comorbidities. We investigated early phenotypic differences between individuals who later developed diabetes, stratified by subgroup at diabetes diagnosis. Methods: We conducted a pooled analysis of nine prospective European cohorts with 3309 individuals developing incident diabete

In this paper Scandinavian crime, or Nordic Noir, in its filmic and televisual incarnations, will be considered on its relative merits as a transnationally successful, but regionally based popular cultural expression. The inquiry will be conducted against a backdrop which briefly traces the history and some of the obstacles which historically have limited the transnational circulation of European

High postprandial blood glucose levels are associated with increased mortality, cardiovascular events and development of diabetes in the general population. Interventions targeting postprandial glucose have been shown to prevent both cardiovascular events and diabetes. This study evaluates the efficacy and safety of a novel nutritional supplement targeting postprandial glucose excursions in non-di

Biodiesel fuels are alternatives to petrodiesel, especially in the transport sector where they have lower carbon footprint. Notwithstanding the environmental benefit, biodiesel fuels may have other toxicological properties than petrodiesel. Particulate matter (PM) from petrodiesel causes cancer in the lung as a consequence of delivery of genotoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, oxidative stress

The relationship between syntactic structure and prosodic structure has received increased theoretical attention in recent years. Richards (2010) proposes that Japanese allows wh-elements to stay in-situ because of a certain aspect of its prosodic system. Specifically, in contrast to some other languages like English, Japanese can prosodically group wh-elements together with their licensers. This

Background: As the survival rate of preterm infants continues to rise worldwide, more infants are at risk of developing sight-threatening retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Destructive retinal laser treatment and intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), factor, which have potential systemic side effects, are necessary to prevent blindness in severe cases of ROP. Of

The power extracted by reverse electrodialysis (RED) is often limited by the high resistance of low concentration compartment. This work aims to address this issue by demonstrating a reverse electrodeionization (REDI) design that can facilitate the ion transport and alleviate so called spacer shadow effects. In total, three different stack designs were assembled by substituting the conventional sp

Background: Reliable data on optimal fluid management in the perioperative period for patients with advanced ovarian cancer undergoing cytoreductive surgery is limited. These patients often present with malignant ascites and are prone to significant fluid shifts perioperatively. For this reason, our objective was to define clinical targets for optimal fluid balance and determine whether initial as

Background Long-term pathological breathlessness is a life-limiting symptom that risks taking control of the individual’s life. We aimed to evaluate how locus of control (LOC), an individual’s perceived control of present and past life events, relates to breathlessness in a middle-aged general population. Methods A population-based, cross-sectional analysis of people aged 50–64 years was conducted

INTRODUCTION: The gold standard for monitoring long-term glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus is glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). In conditions where the erythrocyte half-life is decreased, for example, in long-term kidney diseases and hemoglobinopathies, HbA1C may underestimate the long-term glucose exposure. Therefore, in these patient groups, other methods to monitor long-term glucose