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Article 102 TFEU prohibits any abuse by one or more undertakings in a dominant position. A dominant undertaking offering exclusivity rebates falls under the prohibition laid down in Article 102 TFEU. The treatment of exclusivity rebates in case law has been a controversy, the first cases held a strict approach towards exclusivity rebates and established that exclusivity rebates are to be assessed
A global trend of decentralisation has been present in the last decades. Since the 1980s, most countries have transferred power and resources from the centre to subnational levels of government. This trend has also been present in the developing world where it has been encouraged by international organisations as a way of promoting citizen participation and democracy. The purpose of this thesis is
Thesis reflects on the notion of photojournalism, media and communication processes in the era of Internet and redeveloped global cultural exchange opportunities. Subject of authenticity in the news coverage and digital manipulation of the image contents – used under various conditions depending on intention – become the current social problem that it’s forced routinely and which demands a broader
Every year hundreds of thousands of Central American migrants from mainly Honduras, Guatemala and El Salvador embark on a journey through Mexican territory with the hopes of a better future in the United States - estimations suggest that up to thirty percent are women. Transnational migration is due to heightened violence in Central America on the rise. Although earlier research about women´s part
Kriget i Bosnien och Hercegovina tog slut för 15 år sedan. Daytonavtalet reglerar villkoren för fredsbyggandet i landet. Annex 4 i Daytonavtalet består av Bosniens konstitution. Konstitutionen innefattar flera aspekter av maktdelning mellan de tre konstituerande folken, bosniaker, kroater och serber. Bosnien är således en stat som styrs enligt en konsociationell modell. Daytonavtalet utser en hög The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina ended 15 years ago. The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, commonly known as the Dayton Peace Agreement, stipulates the conditions for the peacebuilding process in the country. Annex 4 of the Dayton Peace Agreement comprises the constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The constitution includes several aspects of power sharing among th
Women’s empowerment is important for gender equality and development (Sen 1999) and has been recognised by the international society as a Millennium Development Goal (UNDP 2008). This thesis investigated how male migration and remittances affect the empowerment of the women left behind in urban Lebanon. The literature review showed a gap in the research on the social impacts of migration and remit
Lobbying within the EU is a welcome and frequently used way of constructing the policy process. The aim of this thesis is through a text analysis describe and understand the influence that interest groups have on especially the European Parliament but also the Commission. My objects of study are the three institutions of the European Union with an emphasis on the European Parliament. I use network
The effects of welfare regimes over inequality have been studied through several approaches, but perhaps the most notorious contribution in this regard has been Korpi’s “Paradox of Redistribution”, which argues that the most equalizing welfare regimes are the ones that employ earnings-related, as opposed to flat-rate, benefits in their welfare institutions. Scandinavian states have employed this s
The most common cause of death in the world is not cancer or heart attack. The most common cause of death, is a deaths related to poverty. Yet, poverty is rarely mentioned in a connection to the right to life. Is there a reasonable ground for not mentioning the poverty in connection to the right to life? What difference could be made if the deaths caused by poverty, was mentioned in a direct conne
Lövestads åsar är en isälvsavlagring belägen i sydöstra Skåne, en mil öster om Sjöbo. De har undersökts med avseende på hur isälvsavlagringen bildats och vilka processer som påverkat bildningen. Syftet med rapporten är att beskriva och tolka Lövestads åsar med avseende på bildning, egenskaper och avsättningsmiljö. Som bakgrund finns en redogörelse för Skånes nedisningshistoria och avsmältningsförlThe Lövestad ridges are a glaciofluvial deposit located in south eastern Scania. The deposits and how they were formed have been studied. The purpose of the paper is to account for the glacial history of Scania and its impact on the Lövestad ridges, and to describe and interpret the ridges composition, depositional environment and the processes governing their formation. Methods used are literat
Klimatförändringen är ett fenomen som på ett aldrig tidigare skådat sätt kommer att sätta press på rättssystem världen runt. Det finns ett behov av att utforma rättsliga instrument och institutioner för att hantera förändringar i miljön men också av att utforma själva lagstiftningen att vara flexibel och anpassningsbar i förhållande till föränderliga förhållanden i naturens tillstånd. För att säkeClimate change is a phenomenon that in an unprecedented way will put pressure on the legal systems worldwide. Not only is there a need for designing the necessary legal instruments and institutions to handle changes in the environment but also for the law itself to be flexible and able to adapt under preconditions in nature which are uncertain. To ensure that the legislation is resilient enough to
More than 130 million girls and women have undergone female genital mutilation (FGM). FGM is an act violating human rights (HR) involving many actors, most importantly children, mothers and fathers. This notwithstanding, WHO estimate that 2 millions will undergo FGM each year, despite FGM being a punishable act on international as well as on national levels. What is the impact of empathy on the re
In contemporary urban China the younger generations in the white-collar sector are constantly striving to obtain a better employment in order to attain animproved career. The purpose of this case study was to show how the One-Child Policy has influenced the Chinese society, by indicating that there is an undergoing change within the workplace, as the Chinese singletons are starting to enter the la
Investigations of chemical bonding and electronic structure features for polycrystalline (porphyrinato)nickel (II) (NiP, the simplest Ni porphyrin), (5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato)nickel (II) (NiTPP) and (2-aza-21-carba-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato)nickel (II) (N-confused NiTPP, NiNCTPP) have been performed by means of high-resolution soft x-ray absorption and x-ray photoemission spectr
Within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), the authors examined the association of ethanol intake at recruitment (1,119 cases) and mean lifelong ethanol intake (887 cases) with lung cancer. Information on baseline and past alcohol consumption, lifetime tobacco smoking, diet, and the anthropometric characteristics of 478,590 participants was collected between 19
The relationship between on the one hand personality traits and, on the other hand, neuropsychological test performance, self-rated distress symptoms, psychosocial work exposure, and social interaction patterns, was studied in a group of healthy women (N= 101). All subjects completed the Karolinska Scales of Personality inventory (KSP) and the majority of the subjects (n = 88) completed the State
The purpose of the present study was threefold: (a) to replicate the finding by MacLeod and Rutherford (1992) that low trait-anxious individuals, in contrast to high trait-anxious individuals, show a selective attention away from subliminally presented threat words at elevated levels of stress; (b) to test the hypothesis that this effect is due to individuals with repressive coping-style rather th
Measurements are presented of production properties and couplings of the recently discovered Higgs boson using the decays into boson pairs, H -> gamma gamma, H -> ZZ* -> 4l and H -> WW* -> l nu l nu. The results are based on the complete pp collision data sample recorded by the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider at centre-of-mass energies of root s = 7 TeV and root s = 8 TeV, corre
In this paper, we develop a system for microphone selflocalization based on ambient sound, without any assumptions on the 3D locations of the microphones and sound sources. We aim at developing a system capable of dealing with multiple moving sound sources. We will show that this is possible given that there are instances where there are only one dominating sound source. In the first step of the s
Segmentation is an important task in all kinds of image analysis. In medical image analysis segmentation has a great clinical value since the aim could be to localize organs or pathologies in order to raise the quality of diagnoses. This thesis consists of three papers where different segmentation techniques have been applied to different imaging modalities. In the first paper a full computer assi
