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Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is an enzyme and key component of both 15 class-switch recombination and somatic hypermutation, two mechanisms used by activated B 16 cells to diversify their antigen repertoire, as it catalyzes the deamination of deoxycytidines turning 17 them into deoxyuridines, introducing mutations in immunoglobulin genes. AID, however, can also 18 target enhancer re

One of the biggest mysteries astronomers wish to unveil is the formation and evolution of galaxies. Properties of our own galaxy, the Milky Way, can provide great insight into these. The star formation rate (SFR) and whether it varies with distance from the galactic centre (GC), is one of these properties. Studies indicate that the SFR is higher in the bulge region than in the local thick disk of

Contracts in the EU operate in a complex legal environment. Depending on the situation, they are subject to a patchwork of national, European, and international rules. As a result, economic operators exercising the ‘four freedoms’ find themselves in a great ocean of private international law, containing smaller islands of EU law and national rules. This paper explores some of the fundamental issu

Columnar metaplasia, where columnar epithelium replaces the normal squamous epithelium in esophagus, is considered to be a precancerous condition in which the development of adenocarcinoma can be followed through various grades of dysplasia. The interpretation of these histological changes is subjective and suffers from considerable inter-observer variation among pathologists. In study I, we devis

A pilot plant was set up to treat leachate from an industrial landfill containing shredder residues of end-of-life vehicles and white goods. The treatment plant consisted of aeration and sedimentation steps for pre-treatment, and a filter. The plant was designed to simultaneously remove various types of pollutants. The efficiencies of pre-treatment and of the main treatment step were investigated

"The Academy of St Martin in the Fields are joined by Håkan Hardenberger who will perform a programme celebrating his history with the orchestra, including Haydn’s Trumpet Concerto and a selection from his album Both Sides Now, both recorded with ASMF."These pieces were performed:Georg Philipp Telemann: Konzert für drei Trompeten, zwei Oboen, Pauken, Streicher und B.c. D-dur TWV 54:D3Wolfgang Amad

Pathways to Sustainable Welfare critically examines how cities can address the dual challenges of climate change and sustainability while ensuring the welfare of their populations.Focused on three Swedish cities, it explores the integration of environmental and welfare concerns in local policies, urban movements and public opinions. Based on theories of inertia, emergence and transformation, it id

Plate tectonics is a unique feature of Earth, but its proposed time of initiation is still controversial, with published estimates ranging from ca. 4.2 to 0.7 Ga. Paleomagnetic data can provide a robust argument for one essential aspect of plate tectonics: large-scale relative lateral motions of distinct, rigid crustal blocks. Previously, the oldest relative horizontal motion between two or more b

Immigration status as a ground of making distinctions that might be in violation of the right to non-discrimination, is conceptually underdeveloped. This gap is addressed by explaining how the European Court of Human Rights has chosen to use arguments shaped by factual and legal/normative elements to reason under Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights. One such argument concerns the

Popular Abstract in Swedish Asymmetrisk katalys är ett omfattande forskningsområde där ett flertal olika typer av enantioselektiva katalysatorer har utvecklats och använts i en mängd olika kemiska reaktioner med varierande resultat. Det finns ingen katalysator som fungerar lika väl i alla applikationer, utan resultaten varierar från fall till fall och för vissa typer av substrat behövs det därför