Value addition or Subtraction? A Comparative case analysis of policy pathways for value addition and their role in optimising critical mineral driven industrialisation in upstream producer states
In the coming decades, the twin energy and digital transitions will require the rapid scaling and deployment of renewable energy technologies and advanced technologies within ‘critical raw materials’ (CRMs) are essential components. At the same time, as CRM reserves are heterogeneously distributed, concentrated in a few countries with refining in even fewer still, demand is expected to outstrip su
