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It was with great interest that I read “Political Power of Iranian Hierocracies” by János Jany published in Comparative Civilizations Review. Writing about Iranian history is not an easy task because historical points of view have been highly politicized. Such is particularly the case when discussing the Pahlavi dynasty, particularly its founder, Reza Shah Pahlavi, and his successor, Mohammed Reza

Bacterial infections represent a serious health care problem, and all multicellular organisms have developed defense mechanisms to eliminate pathogens that enter the host via different paths including wounds. Many invertebrates have an open circulatory system, and effective coagulation systems are in place to ensure fast and efficient closure of wounds. It was proposed early on that coagulation sy

I den pågående kampen mot klimathotet har Europeiska unionen antagit en ledande roll för att fullfölja skiftet mot en grön ekonomi, bland annat genom att fokusera på att stärka konkurrenskraften avseende tillverkningen av netto-noll energiindustrin och säkra de nödvändiga råvarorna för denna omställning. För att möjliggöra detta presenterade den Europeiska kommissionen i mars 2023, i samband med pIn the global race against climate change, the answer of the European Union is the transition towards a green economy by focusing on strengthening the competitiveness of the net-zero technology industry and securing the necessary critical materials. To do so, the Union presented two legislative acts in the European Green Deal Industrial Plan in 2023, amongst which the Net-Zero Industry Act. While

Payment for water ecosystem services has been gaining attention in Latin America because of the direct response for environmental conservation through economic mechanisms. By connecting nature services with people who benefit from them, it creates a sustainable intervention for the ecosystem’s management while enhancing human well-being according to policy implementers. Nevertheless, these initiat

The dendritic cell (DC) lineage encompasses a diverse population of cells with unique subtype-specific functions. In peripheral blood, four DC subsets have been identified based on their distinct expression of CD1c, CD141, CD16, and CD123, and these subpopulations exhibit functional properties in immune responses. However, their respective roles in allergic diseases, such as rhinitis, are unclear.

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) remains a leading cause of transfusionrelated deaths. In most cases, anti-leukocyte antibodies in the transfusion product trigger TRALI, but not all anti-leukocyte antibodies cause TRALI. It has been shown that the anti-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antibody 34-1-2S (anti-H-2Kd) causes TRALI in BALB/c mice (MHC class I haplotype H-2Kd)

Enzymes that affect glycoproteins of the human immune system, and thereby modulate defense responses, are abundant among bacterial pathogens. Two endoglycosidases from the human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes, EndoS and EndoS2, have recently been shown to hydrolyze N-linked glycans of human IgG. However, detailed characterization and comparison of the hydrolyzing activities have not been performe