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We show that the geometry of the Wilson lines, entering the operator definition of the transverse-momentum dependent parton distributions and that of the soft factor, follows from the kinematics of the underlying physical process in conjunction with the gauge invariance of the QCD Lagrangian. We demonstrate our method in terms of concrete examples and determine the paths of the associated Wilson l
This review contains an overview of strong interaction effects in weak decays starting with a historical introduction. It contains a short overview of semileptonic decays and their relevance for measuring CKM matrix elements. The main part is devoted to the theoretical calculation on nonleptonic matrix elements relevant for K0-K0bar mixing and K to pi pi decays. It concludes
I höst kommer rymdobservatoriet Gaia att sändas upp. Ett av dess mål är att mätapositionen av stjärnor med väldigt hög noggrannhet, denna positionsbestämning kallas astrometri. Gaias noggrannhet är såpass bra att det kommer bli möjligt att även mäta hur planeter när de färdas i sina banor runt stjärnor påverkar positionen av stjärnan. Astrometri kan inte ge en fullständig bild av hur planeten rörContext: The Gaia satellite will be provide astrometry with micro-arcsecond accuracy. This will allow for the determination of the orbital elements of exoplanets with measurable astrometric signature. Astrometry alone is not be able to disentangle an ambiguity in the orientation of planetary orbits, just as radial velocity is only able to give the mass of orbiting planets combined with multiplicat
Sveriges självbild som länge varit lyckligt befriad från svågerpolitik, maktmissbruk och pengar under bordet har under det senaste decenniet fått sig en törn. Stora svarta rubriker på löpsedlar har uppmärksammat oss på att korruption och mutor även förekommer i vårt trygga demokratiska samhälle. För att på ett effektivt sätt komma åt detta krävs ett fungerande regelverk, något som haltar då det koThe Swedish Bribery Legislation in use today was written in 1977 and is consequently neither completely modern nor crystal clear. There are no legal definitions on what constitutes a bribe or what is giving rise to corruption and the verdicts are instead made on a case by case basis. The Swedish Bribery Legislation has over the years received a lot of criticism as it is seen as unpredictable and d
Global climate change is one of the greatest challenges in our history. As the average temperature is rising due to anthropogenic emissions, impacts such as floods, droughts and hurricanes, affect the lives of millions of people. Though the least developed countries are least responsible for emissions, they are the worst affected. This thesis focuses on environmental justice in the adaptation disc
Coffee is one of the world’s most traded goods, but as the commodity price has plunged in recent years it is increasingly hard for coffee farmers to survive on their crops. Fairtrade is a trading initiative based on equity that claims to contribute to development by increasing farmers’ profits and empowerment in communities. Few academic studies have examined Fairtrade development claims. This the
A package written in C for identifying variable dependencies in tables of data is presented. The key ingredient is the δ-test, which establishes dependency structures by exploiting the properties of continuous functions using conditional probabilities formed out of the data. The method estimates most relevant variables, embedding dimensions and noise levels. The program, which is self-contained, a
By using the Langevin equation with complex action it is possible to generate (complex) configurations in the charged sector of gauge theories. We test the algorithm in the case of two-dimensional U(1) gauge theory and are able to measure the string tension with great precision and modest use of computer time for a separation of the charged particles where a conventional Wilson loop would have a v
Diffractive hard scattering is interpreted as the effect of soft gluon exchanges between the emerging energetic quarks and the nucleon's color field, resulting in an overall color singlet exchange. Summing multiple gluon exchanges to all orders leads to exponentiation and an amplitude in analytic form. Numerical evaluation reproduces the precise HERA data and gives new insights on the density of g
We consider exclusive double diffractive production of polarised axial-vector χ c(1 +) and tensor χ c(2 +) charmonia in proton-(anti)proton collisions at Tevatron energy. The corresponding amplitudes for these processes are derived within the k t-factorisation approach. Contributions from different polarisation states of axial-vector and tensor charmonia are quantified. Corresponding experimental
In this project spectra of neutral calcium between 2000-30000 cm-1 have been recorded by the Fourier Transform Spectrometer Bruker HR IRFTS at Lund Observatory. Using 204 spectral lines, 78 energy levels in the calcium atom have been derived. Level mixing and self absorption of some transitions are discussed. The energy levels in the previously not resolved triplet 4s5g 3G have been measured in th
EQUITY: The Center Of Inequality Awareness offers an alternative viewpoint of the Naturum. It'sa way of learning about your surroundings through engaging activities that center on inequity. EQUITY, which is situated next to one of Sweden's greatest lime quarry, feels strongly about its cause, which is the inequality the workers had compared to investors. I was inspired by the uneven and n
In this fourth episode of the podcast Nic and Rebecca invited Laura Hrastar to the mic and chatted with her about life and work at Max IV - which is a Swedish national laboratory producing brilliant synchrotron radiation for various research projects . Thereafter they take a closer look at the galaxy listed as the 31st object in the Messier Catalogue.
October is coming to an end as we release this sixth and last episode of the first season (not to worry, we are already planning a second season). This time Nic and Rebecca have invited Paul McMillan to the mic and chat with him about our galaxy, the Milky Way, and his involvement in ESA's Gaia satellite . Thereafter they take a closer look at the Pleiades.
The weighted oscillator strengths (gf) and lifetimes for S VIII presented in this work were obtained by a multiconfigurational Hartree-Fock relativistic approach. In this calculation, the electrostatic energy parameters were optimized by a least-squares procedure in order to improve the adjustment to experimental energy levels. The values for gf and lifetimes were then calculated on the basis of t
Seventeen globular clusters in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds were observed in the mid-infrared wavelength region with the ISOCAM instrument on board the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO). Observations were made using the broadband filters LW1, LW2, and LW10, corresponding to the effective wavelengths of 4.5, 6.7, and 12 mum, respectively. We present the photometry of point sources in each c
