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This thesis discusses the recent hot topic in the intersection of IP law and competition law; “pay-for-delay” agreements in the pharmaceutical industry. Such agreements arise in patent disputes where originator manufacturers (‘Originators’) claim patent infringement by the generic manufactures (‘Generics’). However, patent infringing defendants end up paying the plaintiff large sums of money, acco

Biomass-fired combined heat and power (CHP) plants in Sweden are usually equipped with a flue gas condenser, where the flue gas is sprayed with water which absorbs contaminants and makes the flue gas meet emission restrictions. This results in a contaminated condensate that has to be treated to be discharged or re-used in the plant. This can be done in various ways, but at the moment the interest

Requirements from consumers and governments to produce more sustainable products have increased during recent years. Even if products are certified, one cannot make sure companies meet these requirements, since no chain of events can verify this exists. The transportation industry lacks certification and information on whether a product is transported in a sustainable way. The food industry, on th

In World Duty Free Group [2016], the CJEU clarified that it has developed two methods in its case law for the purpose of assessing selectivity in tax measures: the three-step approach and the Gibraltar method. The three-step approach may be used when the tax measure in question takes the form of a tax advantage that derogates from an ordinary tax system. In turn, the Gibraltar method may be used w

För att uppnå maximal nytta med skattebetalarnas pengar eftersträvar Trafikverket att vägar ska byggas med lång livslängd. För att uppnå detta vill Trafikverket i framtiden ha möjlighet att ställa krav på vägars bärighet i totalentreprenader, utöver de funktionskrav (exempelvis spårbildning och jämnhet) som redan ställs på vägens yta idag. Vid slutbesiktning skall fallviktsmätningar utföras som viTo achieve maximum benefit with both resources and money, the Swedish Transport Administration want to set requirements regarding the bearing capacity in design and construct contracts to ensure a long lifetime of roads. A falling weight deflectometer test is to be carried out for the final inspection of the road and the results will tell the Swedish Transport Administration whether the contractor

När rubriceringen arbetsmiljöbrott infördes i brottsbalken var det med det uttryckliga syftet att paragrafen skulle ha ett pedagogiskt syfte, att den skulle markera allvarligheten i brottet genom att särskilt peka ut arbetsmiljöansvarigas vidsträckta ansvar samt att säkerställa upprätthållande av risk- och skadeförebyggande verksamhet genom ett effektivt straffrättsligt sanktionssystem med sådan sWhen the work environment crime was introduced in the Swedish Penal Code, it was with the expressed pedagogical purpose that it would highlight the seriousness of the crime by specifically pointing out the work environment managers' extensive responsibility and ensuring maintenance of risk and injury prevention through an effective criminal sanction system with such sharpness that the importan

The process of pouring concrete is very common in the construction industry. Typically, a person stands on top of reinforcements around the mold of the slab while manually pushing the hose, guiding it in a smooth side-to-side movement until an even pour has filled up the mold. Another person is positioned at a distance from the pouring end controlling the pump and thus the flow of concrete through

Currently, there is no direct support for storing simulation output within semantic 3D city models (CityGML). This master thesis explores a potential methodology for this purpose, with a focus on using appearances of 3D geometries instead of creating generic city objects and attributes or adding an Application Domain Extension (ADE). The caveat with the last two methods is that they require addit

Sveriges geologiska undersökning (SGU) har ägnat flera år åt att undersöka den svenska berggrunden för att utreda möjligheterna för geologisk lagring av koldioxid. Djupt liggande akviferer anses ha störst potential och den kambriska Faluddensandstenen, som finns i Östersjön öster om Gotland, visar stor potential som lagringsakvifer. I denna studie har borrkärnan St. Sutarve-2018 från södra GotlandThe Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU) has spent several years investigating the Swedish bedrock to find suitable bedrock for geological storage of carbon dioxide. Deep saline aquifers are considered to have the greatest potential, and the Cambrian Faludden Sandstone subcropping in the Baltic Sea east of Gotland, shows great potential as a storage aquifer. In this study, the drill core St. Sutarve

Bakgrund: Användning av olika handelskanaler vid köp av ett klädesplagg har ökat de senaste åren. Företag anpassar sig mer efter konsumenters växande behov av tillgänglighet och flexibilitet. Köpprocessen, från behovsupptäckt till köpbeslut, utförs bland annat i fysisk butik, online på bärbara och stationära datorer eller via mobila enheter. Konsumenter har numera blivit vana att oberoende av kontBackground: The use of different purchasing channels when looking for a piece of clothing has increased in recent years. Companies adapt to a greater extent to consumers’ growing need for accessibility and flexibility. The purchase process, from discovering needs to the decision of purchase, could be performed through physical store, online on a laptop and desktop computer, or through a mobile dev

The aim of this study is to describe and analyze encounters between clients and social workers in a municipality in the southern part of Sweden. Our questions are, what is a social workers opinion of a good encounter; which personal characteristics clients think are most important for social workers in a good encounter; do social workers and clients have a unanimous view of which personal characte

Abstract Authors: Katarina Dahlqvist, Helena Paulsson Title: Best interests of the child – An essay on the child's right to the stepparent Supervisor: Maria Bangura Arvidsson Assessor: Anders Östnäs Our work started in Föräldrabalken 6:9, 1 pcs, which says that if parents have joint custody and should one of them die the custody goes to the other parent. This reason finds its right in the core

The aim of this article is to reflect on the evolution of total quality management (TQM) as the most widespread quality management approach during the last 25 years. However, during the first 10 years of the new millennium, the term TQM seems to have lost its attractiveness in Western parts of the world and instead new terms such as Business Excellence, Organisational Excellence, Six Sigma, and Le

Popular Abstract in Swedish Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning Målet med denna avhandling var att undersöka hur cancersjukdomar i barndomen och behandlingen av dessa påverkar olika aspekter av fortplantningsförmågan i vuxen ålder. Glädjande nog har andelen patienter som överlever cancer i barndomen de senaste decennierna ökat stadigt till nivåer som idag ligger på nästan 80%. Ökad överlevnad medf

Frågan om brukarinflytande inom välfärdssektorn har sin grund i de krav på humanisering, demokratisering och maktdelning som höjdes av den ideella brukarrörelsen på 1960- och 70-talet. I dag har tanken om brukarinflytande anammats av det offentliga och de krav på inflytande som tidigare höjdes av en social rörelse utifrån och underifrån, drivs nu politiskt inifrån och uppifrån inom den offentliga

Mitochondria are the main site for energy conversion in the cell. Under certain circumstances, such as excess calcium retention or production of reactive oxygen species, a pore forms at contact sites between the outer and the normally impermeable inner mitochondrial membrane. The ensuing osmotic mitochondrial swelling and loss of bioenergetic function is referred to as the mitochondrial permeabili

I tider av finansiell instabilitet kan lån som handlas på andrahandsmarknaden vara prissatta till en låg nivå (under ”par”). Som ett resultat kan låntagare som har tillgång till likvida medel dra nytta av marknadsförutsättningarna genom att köpa sin egen skuld. Eftersom de inte kan vara innehavare av fordringar mot gentemot sig själva, kommer sådan skuld att släckas ut med effekten att låntagaren During times of financial instability, loans which are traded in the secondary loan market may be priced at a low level (“sub-par”). As a result, borrowers who have liquid funds available to them may benefit from the market conditions by purchasing their own debt. Since they cannot be holders of claims against themselves, such debt will extinguish with the effect of the borrower having “repaid” it