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BACKGROUND: Chest pain is one of the most common complaints in the Emergency Department (ED), but the cost of ED chest pain patients is unclear. The aim of this study was to describe the direct hospital costs for unselected chest pain patients attending the emergency department (ED). METHODS: 1,000 consecutive ED visits of patients with chest pain were retrospectively included. Costs directly foll

Triad counts for directed graphs are represented as numerators of incomplete U-statistics with symmetric or asymmetric kernels. Asymptotic normality for the simultaneous distribution of all triad counts is proved. Applications are given to investigations of inconsistency in tournaments and reliability of communication networks.

The susceptibility to arsenic-induced diseases differs greatly between individuals, possibly due to interindividual variations in As metabolism that affect retention and distribution of toxic metabolites. To elucidate the role of genetic factors in As metabolism, we studied how polymorphisms in six genes affected the urinary metabolite pattern in a group of indigenous women (n = 147) in northern A

We examined the stability of plasmid RN and its expression of antibiotic-resistance genes in suspended and sorbed Pseudomonas putida in aquifer microcosms. Test tubes containing different proportions of sterilized aquifer soil and groundwater were inoculated with bacteria and incubated for up to 26 d. Serial dilutions were made to agar plates with or without antibiotics, to quantify the functional

Introduction of point mutations in the 5' end of the human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) L1 gene specifically inactivates negative regulatory RNA processing elements. DNA vaccination of C57B1/6 mice with the mutated L1 gene resulted in improved immunogenicity for both neutralizing antibodies as well as for broad cellular immune responses. Previous reports on the activation of L1 by codon optimiz

Encountering waves overtaking a ship sailing on the ocean may cause instability. Therefore it is of great importance to study the properties of such waves, for example slope, wavelength and amplitude. When making statistics on the properties of overtaking waves, only the waves that are faster than the ship will affect the resulting distribution. Thus the velocity of the individual waves plays an i

The article analyses the stormy debate in Poland caused by the publication in 2000 of Neighbors, a book written by the Polish-born American scholar Jan Gross. The book, that deals with the war-time mass murder of the Jewish population in the Polish town Jedwabne, encouraged by the Nazi Germans but perpetrated by local Poles, brought about shock and created a challenge to Polish collective memory.

The development of bioelectronic enzyme applications requires the immobilization of active proteins onto solid or colloidal substrates such as gold. Coverage of the gold surface with alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMS) reduces nonspecific adsorption of proteins and also allows the incorporation onto the surface of ligands with affinity for complementary binding sites on native proteins. W

OBJECTIVE: To follow the effect of a 4-month pelvic floor exercise (PFE) program in women with naïve urinary incontinence with vaginal electromyography (EMG), pressure and palpation and also to compare the initial findings with symptom-free women of the same age.METHODS: The pelvic floor function expressed with vaginal EMG, pressure and palpation was measured before, during and after 4 months of P

Patients with cervical root compression were used as a "model" to investigate the possible importance of neck disorders and cervical sensory information in postural control. We assessed postural performance with posturography before and after treatment in 71 consecutive patients with MRI-verified cervical root compression without medullary compression. The patients were randomized to surgery (n =

Galectins are implicated in a large variety of biological functions, many of which depend on their carbohydrate-binding ability. Fifteen members of the family have been identified in vertebrates based on binding to galactose (Gal) that is mediated by one or two, evolutionarily conserved, carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs). Variations in glycan structures expressed on glycoconjugates at the ce

A supermacroporous cryogel bioreactor has been developed to culture hybridoma cells for long-term continuous production of monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Hybridoma clone M2139, secreting antibodies against J1 epitope (GERGAAGIAGPK; amino acids, 551-564) of collagen type II, are immobilized in the porous bed matrix of a cryogel column (10 mL bed volume). The cells got attached to the matrix within 48

Study Design. Biomechanical analysis of the movement of the lumbar spinal nerve roots (NRs). Objectives. The characteristics of the movement of lumbar spinal NRs corresponding to the change of posture were three-dimensionally analyzed in nonsimulated and simulated adhesion conditions using a porcine model. Summary of Background Data. There is a paucity of data on the movement of NRs. Materials and

En förutsättning för insjuknande i cervixcancer är en infektion med genitalt papillomvirus - HPV. Sjukdomen uppstår efter åratal av förstadier, som kan upptäckas genom cervixcytologi/gynekologisk cellprovstagning och stoppas med behandling. I Sverige har cellprovstagningen minskat förekomsten av livmoderhalscancer med 50 procent. I Finland, där man använder organiserad screening, har förekomsten

Endothelial activation is an important step in atherogenesis. In addition to established cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and homocysteinemia, high plasma levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins may be an important cause of endothelial activation as well. Free fatty acids hydrolyzed from core triglycerides of these particles can exert bot

We have observed and investigated random telegraph noise in the photoluminescence (PL) from small InP quantum dots (QDs) in GaInP. Very few of the QDs exhibit switching between two states, which have similar total intensities, but distinctly different spectra. Usually, one of the states dominates at low excitation power and the other at high excitation power. The switching occurs on the time scale

Variation in transpiration and conductance between individual trees of Scots pine and Norway spruce was investigated in a mixed 50-year-old stand in central Sweden. Daily transpiration rates were measured by the tissue heat balance method on five trees of each species during a dry, warm growing season. Daytime averages of sapflow, climatic variables and soil water content were used to fit an empir

This article outlines an experimental and numerical study of moisture in concrete subjected to air, water or sealed curing. For this purpose columns of eight qualities of concrete were studied at 3 different ages each over a period of 450 days. Parallel studies of hydration, internal relative humidity, self-desiccation and strength were carried out. Finally the article presents an analysis of the