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The history of spinal cord injuries starts with the ancient Egyptian medical papyrus known as the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus. The papyrus written about 2500 B.C.by the physician and architect of the Sakkara pyramids Imhotep, describes "crushed vertebra in his neck" as well as symptoms of neurological deterioration. An ailment not to be treated was the massage to the patients at that time. This f
The recent introduction of entry inhibitors in the clinic as components of antiretroviral treatment has heightened the interest in coreceptor use of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Viruses using CCR5 as coreceptor (R5 viruses) are generally present over the entire course of infection whereas viruses using the CXCR4 coreceptor (R5X4/X4 viruses) emerge in about 50% of infected individua
Popular Abstract in Swedish Miljontals fåglar lämnar Sverige varje höst för att övervintra på sydligare breddgrader och återvänder nästkommande vår för att föda upp sina ungar på de enorma mängder insekter som finns här tack vare det tempererade klimatet. Småfåglar genomför sin flytt etappvis genom att flyga ett antal dagar eller nätter i sträck, beroende på om fågeln är en dag- eller nattsträckar
Popular Abstract in English Oil resources are finite; and political and economic factors affecting oil production,together with the environmental damage associated with the increased use of oil by a rapidly growing population, have underscored the need for developing cleaner technologies based on sustainable resources. In this context, any lignocellulosic biomass that is not used in the food chainThe present work was aimed at developing industrial S. cerevisiae strains with improved tolerance to two types of stressors encountered during the fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass that affect ethanol yield and productivity, namely hydrolysate-derived inhibitors and high temperature, and at understanding the response of yeast and mechanisms of adaptation to such stressors. In one part of the
The European Spallation Source (ESS) is the European common effort in designing and building a next generation large-scale user facility for studies of the structure and dynamics of materials. The proposed schematic layout of the ESS facility is based on a linear driver (linac) directing the proton beam (5 MW of 2.5 GeV) of 2.8 ms long pulses with a 20 Hz on a tungsten target where neutrons are pr
Background The pattern of cancer in long-term survivors from childhood cancer has not been investigated comprehensively. Methods We obtained a cohort of 47 697 children and adolescents aged 0-19 years with cancer as defined by the country-wide cancer registries of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden during 1943-2005. Cohort members were followed through age 79 years for subsequent primar
Degrowth is an academic concept and activists' niche project in Europe and other early-industrialized parts of the world aiming to reframe the current sustainability challenge of declining environmental and unjust social conditions. Its emphasis is on the radical transformation of the current societal-economic structure in order to achieve inherently sustainable conditions. There are various d
The expansion of Swedish wind energy grid has come at the cost of environmental, economic and social controversy, in which the issue of landscape quality change plays a prominent role. Tourism, an industry highly reliant on visual consumption of the landscape, is especially sensitive to this change. Scholars have repeatedly harvested evidences of a weak, but negative correlation between wind power
Haloacid dehalogenase (HAD)-like hydrolases represent a vast superfamily characterised by their ability to form covalent enzyme-substrate intermediates facilitating the cleavage of C-Cl, C-P, or CO-P bonds. Within this work one member of this superfamily, HAD from Thermotoga neopolitana (HADTn) exhibiting a phosphatase (P-O bond cleavage) like activity was investigated in the context of altering t
Doftreceptor Or22a och dess betydelse för äggläggning hos bananflugor Vanliga bananflugor har länge använts som testorganismer inom biologisk forskning, så som neurobiologi. Anledningen till detta är att de har ett nervsystem som är lättillgängligt men enklare uppbyggt än däggdjurs (Stocker, 1994,). Luktsinnet hos bananflugor sitter i antennerna och i de maxillära papillerna, som sitter vid flugaThe fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has a well-studied olfactory system. A crucial part of the olfactory system is the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). One type of these OSNs, Ab3a, expresses the Odor receptors (ORs) Or22a and Or22b. Or22a is known to play an important role for behaviors like oviposition, but no strong ligand has been found for Or22b. Recent studies have shown that D. melanogas
Kol har lagrats is torvmarker i tusentals år och idag innehåller torvmarkerna ca en tredjedel av all markkol på jorden. Det råder stor osäkerhet hur torvmarker kommer att reagera på klimatförändringar. Detta beror på att de kalla, blöta och syrefattiga förhållandena leder till motsatta effekter för global uppvärmning; dels lagras koldioxid eftersom fotosyntesen är större än respirationen (kylande Northern peatlands have accumulated carbon for thousands of years and currently hold around one third of all soil carbon on earth. Large uncertainties are associated with predictions of how northern peatlands will react to climate change. This is because the cold, wet and anaerobic conditions lead to two opposing forces from a radiative forcing perspective – CO2 sequestration from photosynthesis b
Background: Knowledge sharing within an organization is one of the main focuses of the knowledge management research field. In today’s globally dispersed business units, and multinational corporations (MNCs), information and communication technology (ICT) tools play an essential role in facilitating knowledge sharing. Previous research has argued the vital role informal contexts as well as physica
While renewable energy output in the World increases, Russia shows an opposite trend, consisting of a highly engrained fossil fuel-driven economy with very little State priority towards diversifying its energy supply. Accordingly, although wind energy represents only a niche market, it is more economically viable to electrifying Northern peripheral communities than connecting them to the national
The increasing demands on the vehicle market regarding cost effectiveness, efficient production and innovative solutions create an unforgiving environment for the suppliers. Haldex has developed Haldex Way, a management and improvement framework focused on lean production to meet these demands. Although lean methodologies are utilized at Haldex, Haldex Way has currently issues with consistency and
Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning: Naturkatastrofer är något som Sverige är relativt förskonat från. Massrörelser, alltså markrörelser i jordtäcke eller berg såsom lerskred, slamströmmar och bergras, är däremot relativt vanligt förekommande runt om i landet. Det är dessutom så att frekvensen av den här typen av fenomen förväntas öka i Sverige till följd av framtida klimatförändringar. De områdenRecent studies indicate a widespread but largely overlooked hazard of contaminant mobilisation and transport in connection to mass movement activity into surface water systems in Sweden. Concerns are exacerbated by predicted effects of climate change, which suggest national increases in rates of precipitation, pore water pressures, run -off, erosion and mass movement occurrence. In this study, the
Uppsatsens huvudsakliga syfte är att utreda om det med härledning till EU-rätten och EUD:s rättspraxis kan utrönas en gränsdragning för när en privatperson till-handahåller tjänster kan anses göra detta i egenskap av en beskattningsbar person och följaktligen faller transaktionen under mervärdesskatterättens tillämpnings-område. Utredningens analytiska utgångspunkt utgår från det ekonomiska sam-liThis essay's main purpose is to examine when a private individual, who provides services, can be considered to do this as a taxable person and therefore falls under the scope of VAT. This survey's analytical starting point is based on the economic concept collaborative consumption. The term describes an economic model which is based on the coordination of individuals' consumption needs
The Maha Oya river mouth, located on the west coast of Sri Lanka, is seasonally closed by a sand bar formed at the river mouth due to little rainfall and thus little river discharge. A new Outlet, located just north of the Maha Oya river mouth, was created by the 2004 tsunami. The Outlet remains open all year because of its location in the lee of an offshore breakwater. When the Maha Oya river mou
