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Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is common among southern Chinese including the ethnic Cantonese population living in Hong Kong. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is detected in all undifferentiated type of NPC in this endemic region. Establishment of stable and latent EBV infection in premalignant nasopharyngeal epithelial cells is an early event in NPC development and may contribute to its pathog
Fängelset har sedan länge varit ett mycket aktuellt ämne och är för många en symbol för brott och straff tack vare flera skildringar i litteraturens, filmens och musikens värld. Dess organisation och administration har aldrig varit självklar och fängelset har flera gånger reformerats. Ett fascinerande fängelsesystem hette Panopticon och utvecklades i slutet av 1700-talet av den brittiske filosofenThe history of prisons is ancient and the prison is still a current topic. Its up-to-date popularity is most likely a product of the many tales in literature, film, and music reflecting the prison and life behind bars. The organization and administration of prisons have never been set in stone, and have lived through a number of various reforms. One fascinating prison system is the one named Panop
Kenya, like the rest of the world, in an effort to protect its tax base, has enacted a transfer pricing (TP) legislation requiring, among other things, that inter-company transactions be conducted at arm’s length. However, due to the very nature of TP transactions, the determination of the correct arm’s length price or profit margin has remained a major challenge, not only for the taxpayers, but f
Skatterättens område är dynamiskt. Företag och privatpersoner har i olika omfattning möjlighet att planera sin verksamhet. Det finns ett kontinuerligt intresse av att finns nya vägar som resulterar i en förmånligare skattemässig situation. Dessa nya förfaranden med vad som kan te sig röra procentenheter kan i slutändan resultera i enorma ekonomiska vinster. Under 2003 tillkom nya regler om skattTax law is a dynamic field. Businesses and individuals are to a different extent able to plan their activities. There is a continuous interest to find new ways that result in more favorable tax situations. These new procedures with what may seem to concern percentile margins may ultimately result in huge economic gains. In 2003 a new legislation was introduced regarding tax exemption on business-
This thesis is mainly concerned with the intersection between ideals and (maximal commutative) subrings of graded rings. The motivation for this investigation originates in the theory of C*-crossed product algebras associated to topological dynamical systems, where connections between intersection properties of ideals and maximal commutativity of certain subalgebras are well-known. In the last few
The incidence of stroke and dementia are diverging across the world, rising for those in low-and middle-income countries and falling in those in high-income countries. This suggests that whatever factors cause these trends are potentially modifiable. At the population level, neurological disorders as a group account for the largest proportion of disability-adjusted life years globally (10%). Among
Background: Individuals from melanoma-prone families have similar or reduced sun-protective behaviors compared to the general population. Studies on trends in sun-related behaviors have been temporally and geographically limited. Methods: Individuals from an international consortium of melanoma-prone families (GenoMEL) were retrospectively asked about sunscreen use, sun exposure (time spent outsid
The extreme environments within the biosphere are inhabited by organisms known as extremophiles. Lately, these organisms are attracting a great deal of interest from researchers and industrialists. The motive behind this attraction is mainly related to the desire for new and efficient products of biotechnological importance and human curiosity of understanding nature. Organisms living in common “h
Practices of care between grandparents, adult children and grandchildren are the hub of intergenerational relationships. To care for an elderly parent, or for a grandchild, is an engagement that can be a necessity coming out of lack of other care providers, or it can be an engagement you voluntarily take upon yourself. It can feel like an obligation, and/or as something you do out of love for your
Binding between protein molecules on contacting cells is essential in initiating and regulating several key biological processes. In contrast to interactions between molecules in solution, these events are restricted to the two-dimensional (2D) plane of the meeting cell surfaces. However, converting between the more commonly available binding kinetics measured in solution and the so-called 2D bind
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic substantially magnified the inequity gaps among vulnerable populations. Both public health (PH) and primary health care (PHC) have been crucial in addressing the challenges posed by the pandemic, especially in the area of vulnerable populations. However, little is known about the intersection between PH and PHC as a strategy to mitigate the inequity gap. This stud
Background: Involving service users in inpatient care and recovery planning has gained interest worldwide. Our purpose was to evaluate the process of implementation of a coproduced Recovery Guide (RG) intervention in 22 inpatient wards in Sweden, in terms of context, implementation process and mechanisms of impact over 12 months.Methods: A mixed method design and a process evaluation framework wer
Sverige skakades i början av år 2020 av nyheten att en treårig flicka hade hittats avliden i sitt hem. Flickan hade knappt ett år tidigare återförenats med sin familj efter att ha varit placerad i familjehem för vård enligt LVU sedan strax efter födseln. Samtidigt hade barnkonventionen precis blivit svensk lag. Flickans öde har lett till statliga utredningar för att ta reda på hur principen om bar
Malawi är ett land i södra Afrika och betraktas som ett av de fattigaste länderna i världen. Befolkningen lever framför allt på landsbygden och är helt beroende av jordbruk för att överleva. Det finns dock inga register och ingen säkerställd rättighet över marken de brukar. Användandet av geografiska informationssystem, GIS, ökar runt om i världen. Hos ett jordbrukskooperativ i Malawi, NASFAM, fiMalawi is a country in southern Africa and considered to be one of the poorest countries in the world. The main part of the population lives in rural areas and is completely depending on farming for their livelihood. There are, however, no records of land registration or tenure for the smallholder farmer. The use of geographical information systems, GIS, is increasing around the world. At a small
Den pågående energiomställningen har gett upphov till ett växande behov av elanslutningar och aktualiserat behovet av att anpassa elnätet genom att införa flexibilitetslösningar. Elnätsföretag har med anledning av nätkapacitetsutmaningen redan svårt att ansluta nya kunder vilket gett upphov till diskussioner kring möjligheterna att tillämpa så kallade villkorade avtal. Till skillnad från traditionGrid modernisation is a key enabler in the ongoing transition to a more sustainable energy system. As both grid connections and power consumption are foreseen to increase, the introduction of flexibility solutions is an essential supplement to network deployment. Due to the current risk of grid congestion, power utilities are experiencing difficulties in connecting new customers which has given ri
Dramatiska floraförändringar i Skåne Floran i centrala Skåne har förändrats dramatiskt de senaste 60 åren. I mitten av 1900-talet dominerades landskapet av ängs- och betesmarker, högmossar och lövskog. Idag har både jordbruket och skogsbruket intensifierats, och många av ängs- och betesmarkerna hävdas inte längre, samtidigt som införda växter, förvildade från trädgårdar, har spridits i landskapeChanged land-use, nitrogen deposition, climate change, and the spread of non-native species have repeatedly been reported as the main drivers of floristic changes in northern Europe. However, the relevance of the geographical scale at which floristic changes are observed, is less studied and understood. Here, I assess the changes in species richness and species composition in the central parts of
Svenska staten har förlorat mångmiljardbelopp i skatteintäkter årligen på grund av så kallade räntesnurror där företag inom en intressegemenskap lånar pengar. Räntekostnaderna får dras av i Sverige och tas sedan upp av företag i länder som är lågbeskattade eller saknar inkomstskatt för räntor. Skatteverket lyckades inte neka avdrag med hjälp av lagen mot skatteflykt, och därför infördes 2008 ränteThe Swedish state has lost billions of kronor in tax revenue every year because of so-called interest‐stripping arrangements in which companies within the same group lend money to one another. The interest expenses are deducted in Sweden and then reported by companies located in low-tax jurisdictions or in jurisdictions that levy no income tax on interest. When the Swedish Tax Agency could not ref
BACKGROUND: Risk of bias (RoB) assessment is an essential part of systematic reviews that requires reading and understanding each eligible trial and RoB tools. RoB assessment is subject to human error and is time-consuming. Machine learning-based tools have been developed to automate RoB assessment using simple models trained on limited corpuses. ChatGPT is a conversational agent based on a large
