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The urban population in developing countries was, in 2005, more than 2.3 billion people, which forms an increase by 7 times comparing to the situation in 1950. This is expected to increase even more, until it reaches 3.9 billion by 2030. A parallel urban growth results in high density cities and informal settlements and the creation of urban slums. Naturally, it is the urban poor who are not able
I våldtäktsmål utgör ofta målsägandens berättelse en stor del av bevisningen eftersom bevisning i den här typen av mål kan vara svår att få fram. Därmed blir målsägandens trovärdighet av stor betydelse för utgången i målet. Redan i NJA 1980 s. 225 slog Högsta domstolen (HD) fast att det för än fällande dom inte räcker att målsäganden är mer trovärdig än den tilltalade. Efter detta mål har praxis uIn rape cases, the victim’s story often represents a crucial part of the evidence, since it can be difficult to produce other types of evidence in such cases. Therefore, the victim’s credibility is of great significance for the outcome of a case. Already in NJA 1980 p. 225, the Supreme Court (HD) stated that in order to accomplish a conviction it is not sufficient for a victim to be more credible
Solidariskt ansvar är huvudregeln när flera skadevållare gör sig skyldiga till en och samma skada. Solidariskt skadeståndsansvar innebär att skadelidande kan kräva en av skadevållarna på hela skadeståndsbeloppet som om skadevållaren skulle varit ensam ansvarig. Det krävs att de allmänna förutsättningarna för skadeståndsskyldighet är uppfyllda för var och en av skadevållarna. Den som har blivit kräJoint and several liability is the general rule in Swedish law when multiple guilty parties are responsible for one together caused damage. Joint and several liability means that the injured party can claim that just one of tortfeasors is held responsible for the entire amount of the damages like as if the tortfeasor was alone responsible for the whole damage. The general conditions for liability
Denna uppsats behandlar några av de frågetecken som uppkommer vid tillämpningen av artikel 102 i Fördraget om Europeiska unionens funktionssätt i förhållande till evergreening av läkemedelspatent. Begreppet evergreening syftar till ett flertal olika patentstrategier som har för avsikt att förlänga den privilegierade position som en patenthavare åtnjuter när hans eller hennes produkt skyddas av ensThis thesis identifies some of the uncertainties surrounding the application of Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) to evergreening of pharmaceutical patens. The concept of ever¬greening refers to a multitude of strategies adopted by patent holders with the aim to extend the privileged position that the patentee holds due to this exclusive right. Evergreening
En grundläggande målsättning i svensk rätt är att barnets bästa ska sättas i främsta rummet och det ska alltid ske utifrån barnets individuella förhållan-den. Umgänge bedöms som utgångspunkt vara bra för barnet. Barn har rätt och behov av att träffa båda sina föräldrar och umgänge ska ske under trygga former. Genom att analysera och kombinera det som anses vara bra för barnet, barnets vilja, barneA basic aim in swedish law is the ”best for the child” always should be giv-en first priority from an individual child perspective. Parental visitation rights are assessed according to what is best for the child. Children have right and also need to see both their parents under safe and secure forms. Through an analysis of what is reasonably good for the child, the child’s own will and need, the b
In 1999 the sixteen national environmental quality objectives were adopted by the Swedish parliament and in effort to achieve them the local perspective is considered essential. The environmental quality objectives should, according to the Swedish government, be a part of the municipality's overall policy on sustainable development and it is important that environmental aspects are taken into
Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning: Förekomsten av finkorniga granitgångar är ett potentiellt problem vid lagring av kärnbränsle i berggrunden eftersom de utgör svaghetszoner. Det är därför viktigt att ta reda på hur dessa gångar beter sig i berggrunden. Huvudsyftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka om de finkorniga granitgångarna är kontrollerade av några strukturer i tunneln vid ÄspölaborThe occurrence of fine-grained granite (FGG) dykes is one of the potential problems in the storage of nuclear waste in the bedrock. It is therefore important to locate and characterise such dykes. The major object in this thesis is to investigate, whether the FGG dykes at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (ÄHRL) are structurally controlled. This involves measuring the orientations of the dykes, to cor
The aim of this Master’s thesis is to study some of the consequences the collaboration model has brought about to public libraries in Skåne. Since the implementation of the model in 2011, the regions have obtained increased responsibilities in terms of both development work and allocation of funds to public libraries in the region. The regional cultural plan states that Kultur Skåne – The Administ
Olagligt, orapporterat och oreglerat (IUU) fiske är ett av de största hoten mot den marina biologiska mångfalden. Problematiken går hand i hand med farhågorna kring överfiske, något som har anammats av det internationella samfundet under de senaste två decennierna. Stater har uppmanats att på egen hand eller genom gemensamma initiativ, vidta åtgärder för att bekämpa IUU-fiske. Som en utav de störsIllegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing activities are currently considered to be one of the largest threats to the conservation of marine living resources and biodiversity. Thus, the international community have for the last two decades called upon States to take measures, individually or jointly, to combat IUU fishing. As an important actor on the global market, the European Union (EU)
Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning: Examensarbetet har gått ut på att med hjälp av satellitbilder göra markanvändningsdata för att förbättra en modell som beräknar vart de luftburna föroreningarna tar vägen. Föroreningarna svavel och kväve deponeras med olika hastighet över olika marktyper, därför vill man använda sig av markanvändningsdata i modellerna. Svavelutsläppen har ökat dramatiskt under Sulphur emissions during the last century has led to major acidification of the environment. The acidity of soil and water is a threat to health and economic interests of man, e.g. the food and paper/wood production in the agricultural and silvicultural industries. The Black Triangle region suffers from severe damage caused by acidification and actions to decrease the acid rain over fields and for
The purpose of this report is to develop a model that identifies and reveals the total carbon dioxide emissions generated throughout in- and outbound freight transport made by Höganäs Sweden. The developed model is to be used for future environmental calculations and also act as a tool for discovering new areas of environmental improvements. During the developing process of the model a key issue
Mot bakgrund av direktiv 1999/70/EG som genomför ramavtalet om visstidsarbete slutet mellan ETUC, UNICE och CEEP har det ifrågasatts om lag (1982:80) om anställningsskydd lever upp till direktivets krav avseende införande av hinder mot att tidsbegränsade anställningsformer missbrukas. Ramavtalet mellan de sociala parterna inriktar sig speciellt på missbruk som uppstår ur användningen av på varandr
Forests form the backbone of the European terrestrial carbon sink (State Forest Service & Ministry of Environment, 2018). As the European Union (EU) strives to become climate neutral by 2050, forests are accounted for the natural carbon absorption mechanism (European Commission, n.d.). Currently, the European net land carbon sink is decreasing largely due to forest ageing (Pilli et al., 2022),
Domestic violence is one of the biggest human rights violations that affect women all over the world regardless of their color, nationality, or age. This problem has reached such a degree that women appear to be more at risk of facing violence inside of the home by a husband or partner, than outside by strangers. However, the traditional view that the State cannot be held responsible for acts of v
The legal environment in the area of patent pools in Europe and the US has experienced significant development over the past few decades. Today, the antitrust treatment of patent pools generally favors patent pools provided they meet a robust set of ex ante antitrust safeguards. Despite some inherent differences in antitrust laws, including rules on technology licensing, both sides of the Atlantic
The incidents of September 11, 2001, and the US response raised several important issues under international law regarding the use of force. The attacks against the World Trade Center and Pentagon were crimes against humanity as well as violation of the use of force in the United Nations Charter Article 2(4). Instead of Chapter VII measures through the Security Council, the US asserted that its us
The issue of understanding how electrical and mechanical systems work and how the components interact is not a trivial issue for most people. To help students understand these systems and thereby increase the knowledge for the future engineers, educational computer games may act as an important learning platform. This project aims at aiding students in their effort to reach knowledge in the area o
