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Byggnaders energieffektivitet är ett fokusområde i arbetet med att minska klimatförändringarna, då byggnader står för cirka 40 procent av den totala energianvändningen i Europeiska unionen. En lösning som tillämpas för att minska byggnaders energibehov är att ständigt införa strängare byggregler. Följaktligen ökar betydelsen av precisa och effektiva simuleringar för att kunna beräkna byggnaders frAs most countries worldwide continue to mitigate climate change, one area of focus is a building's energy efficiency. Buildings currently account for approximately 40 per cent of the total energy use in the European Union. One solution for reducing the energy demand from buildings is by continually implementing more stringent building regulations. Consequently, the importance of accurate and effic

Background: Previous studies have indicated that vitamin K deficiency is common in non-bleeding critically ill patients with slightly prolonged prothrombin time-international normalized ratio (PT-INR). It has never been investigated thoroughly whether the administration of vitamin K to these patients could affect their PT-INR. Therefore, the aim of this registry study was to evaluate changes in PTBackground Previous studies have indicated that vitamin K deficiency is common in non-bleeding critically ill patients with slightly prolonged prothrombin time-international normalized ratio (PT-INR). It has never been investigated thoroughly whether the administration of vitamin K to these patients could affect their PT-INR. Therefore, the aim of this registry study was to evaluate changes in PT-

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated an association between transplantation rate per center and postoperative mortality after heart transplantation. In 2011, Sweden centralized heart transplants and waiting lists, reducing the number of centers from 3 to 2. We aimed to assess the active waiting time and pre- and post-transplant mortality before and after centralization.METHODS: Heart tra

BackgroundSocial concerns about unintentional HIV status disclosure and HIV-related stigma are barriers to pregnant women’s access to prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) care. There is limited quantitative evidence of women’s social and emotional barriers to PMTCT care and HIV disclosure. We aimed to investigate how social concerns related to participation in PMTCT care are aBackground: Social concerns about unintentional HIV status disclosure and HIV-related stigma are barriers to pregnant women's access to prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) care. There is limited quantitative evidence of women's social and emotional barriers to PMTCT care and HIV disclosure. We aimed to investigate how social concerns related to participation in PMTCT care are

Popular Abstract in Swedish Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning Utvecklingen av nya innovativa chokladprodukter har tagit fart under de senaste åren i takt med att konsumenterna ställer allt högre krav på chokladkvaliteten. Eftersom produktionsprocessen är komplicerad och hållbarhetstiden begränsad uppskattas att man slänger drygt 100 000 ton chokladprodukter varje år i Europa till ett värde av 1.Abstract Fat bloom on chocolate is a major problem for the confectionery industry since the unappetising appearance and negative sensory effects lead to rejection by customers. The presence of fat bloom on chocolate confectionery systems is usually connected to migration of liquid fat due to the difference in composition between filling triacylglycerols (TAGs) and cocoa butter TAGs. The filling T

Popular Abstract in Swedish Syftet med den här avhandlingen har varit att förstå hur grupper av vi och dom skapas och består, framför allt inom utbildning och skola, och särskilt inom gymnasiala Komvux. I vardagligt tal menar människor oftast att dom är invandrare, medan vi är svenskar. Jag har visat att denna uppdelning, som sker nästan automatiskt, är alltför förenklad och svart-vit. Ett undersyThis thesis, set in an educational context (Swedish Komvux, high school adult education), deals with how groups of us and them are constructed, changed and reproduced. In order to understand the processes of us and them I have looked at the interconnections between gender, ethnicity and class utilising participant observations and semi-structured interviews. The main theoretical points of departu

Popular Abstract in Swedish Ordet diffusion kommer från det latinska ordet diffu´sio som betyder spridning. Diffusion förekommer nästan överallt, även om man inte alltid kan se det. Exempelvis består all den luft som vi andas in av en mängd molekyler som diffunderar fram och tillbaka. Eller så kan det vara vattenmolekyler som diffunderar in till plåten på bilen och gör så att den rostar, eller varHindered diffusion occurs in the most different processes, as has been described in this thesis. It is very important to have an understanding of the influence of hindered diffusion on the mass transfer rate, especially when competing rate processes are acting simultaneously. Using mathematical modeling and simulation makes it possible to predict the effects of hindered diffusion. The systems that

Popular Abstract in Swedish There are two major types of diabetes mellitus, Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), however a number of subtypes have been defined and classified. Maternally Inherited Diabetes and Deafness (MIDD) and Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) are monogenic forms, whereas Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) is thought to be a polygenic subtype simiThere are two major types of diabetes mellitus, Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), however a number of subtypes have been defined and classified. Maternally Inherited Diabetes and Deafness (MIDD) and Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) are monogenic forms, whereas Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) is thought to be a polygenic subtype similar to T1D. Mutations in the

Popular Abstract in Swedish Arbetare i gummiindustrin utsätts för ett stort antal kemikalier med hög giftighet. Tidigare forskning har visat att kemikalierna innebär en fara för hälsan. Gummiarbetarna har tidigare haft en ökad risk att drabbas av olika sjukdomar, t.ex. cancer, hjärtkärlsjukdomar och luftvägsbesvär, jämfört med allmänbefolkningen. Däremot vet man inte exakt vilka ämnen som är farliWorkers in the rubber industry have an increased risk of several diseases, such as airway disease, cancer and probably cardiovascular disease. The exposure is very complex; carbon disulfide (CS2) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) being two of the contaminants. The general aim of this thesis was to find exposure-response relationships usable for risk assessments in the rubber industry. U

Popular Abstract in Swedish Ett nytt EU-direktiv om uttjänta fordon har nyligen antagits. Direktivet kräver att från och med 2006 skall 85% av bilens vikt återvinnas och 95% från och med år 2015. Idag återvinns cirka 80%. Bildemonteringsindustrin har valts som studieobjekt i denna avhandling. De höjda återvinningskraven förväntas leda till att bildemonteringsindustrin genomgår omfattande rationaliA new EU directive on used vehicles has recently been introduced. It demands that for every scrapped car, at least 85% by weight must be recycled by the year 2006 and 95% by 2015. The current level is about 80%. The car disassembly industry was chosen as the study object of this thesis. Due to the increased demands on recycling, the disassembly industry may undergo comprehensive rationalizations a

The ATLAS Transition Radiation Tracker (TRT) performance depends critically on the choice of the active gas and on its properties. The most important operational aspects, which have led to the final choice of the active gas for the operation of the TRT at the LHC design luminosity, are presented. The TRT performance expected at these conditions is reviewed, including pile-up effects at high lumino

Popular Abstract in Swedish Hur kan det civila samhället bidra till demokratisk utveckling? Inom demokratiseringsforskningen framställs ofta det civila samhället som ett centralt inslag i demokratiseringsprocessen. Vi saknar emellertid tydliga teoretiska föreställningar om vilken funktion det civila samhället fyller i en demokrati och om hur det civila samhällets organisationer kan bidra till demoCivil society is frequently singled out as one of the most important factors in the democratization process, but existing research is often imprecise with regard to civil society’s relation to democratic development. This study analyzes how, and under what circumstances, civil society can contribute to democratic development in newly established democracies. A conceptual framework is outlined that

Popular Abstract in Swedish Bakgrund och syfte med avhandlingen Glutenintolerans, celiaki är en av de vanligaste kroniska sjukdomarna bland barn och innebär att man inte tåler gluten, som är ett protein och finns i vete, råg och korn. Tunntarmen har en veckad slemhinna med fingerlika utskott , tarmludd och hela tarmen har en yta på 250 kvadratmeter, vilket är lika stort som en tennisplan. Den stBackground: The prevalence of celiac disease (CD) is estimated to be around 1%, but most CD cases are undiagnosed. Sweden experienced an epidemic of clinically detected celiac disease in children younger than 2 years of age, partly due to changes in infant feeding practices, were the amount of gluten and age at introduction was changed. However, it was not clear if the increase in clinically detec

Popular Abstract in English The present thesis investigates ways in which motion is described in Xenophon’s Anabasis, written in the 2nd part of the third century BC. The Anabasis tells the story of the Ten Thousand – the Greek soldiers who marched from Sardis to Babylon, and from there back to the Greek coast of the Black Sea – covering a great variety of motion events. The study examines passageThe thesis compares different prepositions and verbal prefixes denoting direction in Ancient Greek. The corpus covers passages in Xenophon’s Anabasis where such directional elements are used. In this work, it has been examined how the usage of prepositions differs from that of prefixes when they denote a concrete motion in space, what reasons lie behind their usage, and how various directional ele

Popular Abstract in Swedish Vad händer när en halvledarkristall blir väldigt liten? Ett halvledarmaterials optiska och elektriska egenskaper hänger ihop med hur partiklarna som bär elektrisk laddning, elektroner och hål, uppför sig. (En elektron är en negativt laddad partikel. Ett hål kan beskrivas som en positivt laddad bubbla i ett hav av elektroner, och precis som med bubblor är det ibland enklQuantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanocrystals with quantum confinement. This thesis uses various time-resolved spectroscopic techniques to study ultrafast charge carrier dynamics in colloidal CdSe quantum dots that are important both from a theoretical point of view and for their relevance for solar cell applications. Using 2D electronic spectroscopy, we follow charge carrier relaxation and tr

Popular Abstract in Swedish Att en temperaturskillnad kan ge upphov till en elektrisk ström upptäcktes redan på 1800-talet och fenomenet är känt som den termoelektriska effekten. Denna effekt skulle kunna effektivisera energianvändningen överallt där det går att utnyttja en temperaturskillnad. Ett exempel är i en bil där en stor del av energin som tillförs genom bränsle förloras som spillvärme. OmThermoelectricity is being intensively researched as it is believed to hold great promise for applications in power generation and cooling. One way to quantify the electrical power output of a thermoelectric material is the power factor, a function of electrical conductivity and thermopower. There are relationships between these relevant material properties that make efficient thermoelectric mater

Popular Abstract in Swedish Bakgrund: Ischemisk hjärtsjukdom (IHS) och slaganfall är de främsta orsakerna till morbiditet och mortalitet i västvärlden och är ett stort hälsoproblem för samhället. Kardiovaskulära läkemedel används med syfte att förebygga (t. ex. blodtryckssänkande läkemedel och lipidsänkande läkemedel) eller lindra (t. ex. nitrater) dessa sjukdomar. Den optimala effektiviteten ("efBackground: Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke are the main causes of morbidity and mortality in developed countries and hence constitute a large public health problem. Cardiovascular drugs are used in an effort to prevent (e. g. blood pressure lowering drugs (BPLD) and lipid lowering drugs) and palliate (e. g. nitrates) these disorders. The efficacy and safety of these drugs have been evalu

Popular Abstract in Swedish Denna doktorsavhandling i radiofysik (medicinsk strålningsfysik) behandlar metodutveckling för kvantifiering av intrakraniella rörelser samt för bestämning av blodflöde och blodvolym i olika vävnader. De tekniker som använts är bildgivande respektive spektroskopiska kärnspinnresonansmetoder (NMR-metoder). I klinisk miljö (diagnostisk radiologi) benämns den bildgivande uIn this project, the potential of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and spectroscopy in studies of microcirculation and haemodynamics was evaluated. The spatial and temporal characteristics of human pulsatile brain-tissue movements in healthy individuals, relevant for the understanding of the cerebrospinal-fluid (CSF) circulation and the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus, were thoroughly investigated. A

Studies have found that depressive states in old age that do not fulfil the criteria for major depression are clinically important depressive states. These depressive states are common in primary care patients. Therefore, studies of late-life depression from a primary care perspective are needed. A depressive rating scale, Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25), was used in a community survey in 1

Popular Abstract in Swedish Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning på svenska Denna avhandling handlar om kalretikulin (engelska: calreticulin; CRT), ett protein som bidrar till att andra protein får rätt struktur och som också är inblandat i en kvalitetskontroll av dessa. CRT ser också till att kalciumbalansen i cellen upprätthålls. Hur går detta då till och hur bidrar denna avhandling till att öka kCalreticulin (CRT) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-located protein involved in quality control of newly synthesized proteins as well as in calcium homeostasis of the cell. Most of what is known about CRT arises from studies of mammalian systems. However, using a Arabidopsis thaliana CRT gene expressed in mouse fibroblasts deficient of endogenous CRT, the wild type phenotype could be rescued with