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Although extensive research has demonstrated host-retrovirus microevolutionary dynamics, it has been difficult to gain a deeper understanding of the macroevolutionary patterns of host-retrovirus interactions. Here we use recent technological advances to infer broad patterns in retroviral diversity, evolution, and host-virus relationships by using a large-scale phylogenomic approach using endogenou
The Muhammad cartoon crisis in 2005 provides an illustrative example of how crises travel across geographical boundaries, in this case, from a national newspaper into a full-fledged public diplomacy crisis at the international level. From a crisis management perspective, a multilevel setting poses a real challenge to actors trying to contain the situation at hand. Likewise, the multilevel nature o
We present a fast algorithm for the calculation of elastostatic fields in locally isotropic composites. The method uses an integral equation approach due to Sherman, combined with the fast multipole method and an adaptive quadrature technique. Accurate solutions can be obtained with inclusions of arbitrary shape at a cost roughly proportional to the number of points needed to resolve the interface
Platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGFB) is necessary for normal cardiovascular development, but the relative importance of different cellular sources of PDGFB has not been established. Using Cre-lox techniques, we show here that genetic ablation of Pdgfb in endothelial cells leads to impaired recruitment of pericytes to blood vessels. The endothelium-restricted Pdgfb knockout mutants also develop
This paper analyzes the multi-period base-stock problem where there is a financial risk associated with a stochastic demand. For the single-period problem, it is known that the optimal inventory policy can be obtained with the Black and Scholes option pricing formula. This paper pushes the analysis further by applying the options valuation framework to the multi-period problem and presenting an al
lThe antigen binding site of an antibody is made up of residues residing in six hypervariable loops of the heavy and light chains. In most cases several or all of these loops are required for the establishment of the antigen-binding surface. Five of these loops display a limited diversity in length and sequence while the third complementarity determining region (CDR) of the heavy chain is highly d
Gelatin, derived from the collagen triple helix, is the most widely used functional biopolymer and a prototype for studies of physical gels. Gelatin gels have also served as models for soft biological tissue in efforts to elucidate the molecular basis of the magnetic relaxation phenomena that govern magnetic resonance image contrast. Yet, the microstructure, hydration, and magnetic relaxation beha
Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus) is the major cause of invasive bacterial disease, including meningitis, in the neonatal period. Although prophylactic measures have contributed to a substantial reduction in the number of infections, development of a vaccine remains an important goal. While much work in this field has focused on the S. agalactiae polysaccharide capsule, which is an
The significance of lipid rafts in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) signaling in macrophages was studied through isolation of them by gradient centrifugation and subsequent visualization of signal molecules using antibodies. LPS signaling is initiated by binding to Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and the co-receptor CD-14, leading to activation of downstream targets, such as MAP kinases. In this study, we sho
For a long time, reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the phagocyte NADPH oxidase (NOX2) complex have been considered harmful mediators of inflammation owing to their highly reactive nature. However, there are an increasing number of findings suggesting that ROS produced by the NOX2 complex are anti-inflammatory and prevent autoimmune responses, thus challenging existing dogma. ROS might not
Den 24 oktober 2019 beslutade den svenska regeringen att en statlig offentlig utredning skulle genomföras med syftet att presentera förslag om hur ett medborgarskapstest skulle kunna fungera som ett lagstiftat krav för medborgarskap. Denna undersökning tillämpar WPR-ansatsen, och med hjälp av politisk teori och genom att problematisera texten i SOU 2021:2 syftar den till att spåra och frilägga de On 24th October, 2019 the Swedish government commissioned a state public inquiry to present proposals on how a civic integration test could enter into legislation as a requirement for citizenship. The following investigation utilizes the WPR-approach, and by applying political theory and problematizing the text in SOU 2021:2 its aim is to track and uncover the hypothetical non-intentional implicit
The poetry of Edith Södergran had a major influence on literary modernism in Scandinavia. The poems, and the person behind them, continue to intrigue. The authorship is divided into three periods; the second period is associated with the influence of Friedrich Nietzsche. In addition, several of Södergran’s earlier poems have been interpreted as inspired by Arthur Schopenhauer. In this thesis, I ex
Following the continual degradation of climate, the issue of climate change has increasingly been integrated in world politics. The European Union has itself implemented climate policies to adverse the tendency. However, the union has also given rise to the principle of free movement, a concept tightly connected to the EU’s carbon intensive transport sector. Research has shown the need for the EU
This thesis investigates the rhetoric of populist leaders during the Covid-19 pandemic. By examining statements from three different presidents, Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro, Mexico´s Andrés Manuel López Obrador, and Nicaragua´s Daniel Ortega and explores whether they used rhetoric that downplayed the threat of COVID-19. Through a qualitative content analysis, the rhetoric of these presidents is ex
Stakeholder engagement is viewed as crucial for environmental governance, especially in regard to common-pool resources (CPRs), such as river basins. This study investigates the conceptualisation of stakeholder engagement in Ireland’s third cycle River Basin Management Plan (RBMP). The study examines the underlying presumptions and representations of stakeholder engagement in governmental discours
Syftet med denna uppsats är att utreda och analysera hur införandet av the Principal Purpose Test(PPT-klausulen) i svenska skatteavtal kommer påverka den svenska hanteringen av missbruk av skatteavtalsbestämmelser. Eftersom PPT-klausulen, genom den Mulitlaterala konventionen för att motverka skat-teflykt, har införlivats i skatteavtalet mellan Sverige och Storbritannien, kommer analysen göras med The purpose of this paper is to examine and analyse how the introduction of the Principal Purpose Test (the PPT clause) in Swedish tax treaties will affect the Swedish handling of abuse of tax treaty provisions. Since the PPT clause, through the Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures, has been incorporated into the tax treaty between Sweden and the United Kingdom, the ana
Historically, since its inception in the late 1930s, the album cover has been an important platform for visual creativity that has enabled creators such as artists, illustrators, photographers and designers to experiment with different styles and concepts. The democratization of art through the album cover aims to analyze how this form of artistic expression has and continues to contribute as a me
One’s ability to lead and manage should not be dictated solely by one’s education but rather their experiences and personal background. If this is the case, then little attention should be paid to whether one comes from a business-related background or not, and more attention should be paid to the skills and characteristics of the individual. This study investigates how the humanities are represen
