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Public debt soared in the late-medieval Low Countries: towns borrowed considerable sums from creditors and often ended up defaulting on their financial obligations. The author uses a tax inquiry from 1514 to demonstrate that villages also managed to create funded debt, which they secured on the public body of the village. As a result, around 1500 the majority of the villages in Holland owed annuit

BackgroundPeople with intellectual disability have been found to have higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders than the general population. However, they do not seem to have a corresponding increase in psychiatric care utilization. The aim of the present study was to investigate psychiatric care utilization among older people with intellectual disability.MethodsWe used a cohort of people with in

Hampton (1988) discovered that people are subject to overextension they categorize some things as falling under a conjunction (e.g., they categorize chess as a sport which is also a game) but not as falling under both of the corresponding conjuncts they do not categorize chess as a sport). Although subsequent literature has replicated this effect with a wider range of constructions than those orig

Pavements are constructed using several layers of materials, and their durability depends mainly on the stiffness modulus and thickness of these strata. Surface wave testing is an effective tool to measure the stiffness and thickness of pavement layers. However, measurements are still based on spot testing with fixed receivers and source. The typical large size of pavements and the cost of closing

It has been known for a long time that the clinical manifestations of urinary tract infections (UTI) differ markedly between individuals, ranging from a sometimes beneficial, asymptomatic state to life threatening infections. This variability in clinical manifestation can be explained in part by the arsenal of virulence factors of the bacteria but the predisposition of the patient is equally impor

Water-soluble chlorophyll-binding proteins (WSCPs) are interesting model systems for the study of pigment-pigment and pigment-protein interactions. While class IIa WSCP has been extensively studied by spectroscopic and theoretical methods, a comprehensive spectroscopic study of class IIb WSCP was lacking so far despite the fact that its structure was determined by X-ray crystallography. In this pa

Galectins are a group of lactose-binding proteins widely distributed in nature. Twelve mammalian galectins have so far been identified, but their functions are to a large extent unknown. In this work we study galectin-1 in its interaction with human neutrophils, with regard to both cell surface binding and activation of the superoxide-producing NADPH-oxidase. We show that galectin-1 is able to act

Macroscopic phase separation in covalent sodium polyacrylate (PA) networks following the absorption of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide/chloride (CTAB/C) from aqueous solutions is studied experimentally and theoretically. The gels are shown to consist of a solvent-swollen polyelectrolyte network (core), surrounded by a dense surface phase (skin) of polyion/surfactant complexes. The effect of core sw

Exposure of L. acidophilus CRL 639 cells to sublethal adaptive acid conditions (pH 5.0 for 60 min) was found to confer protection against subsequent exposure to lethal pH (pH 3.0). Adaptation, which only occurred in complex media, was dependent on de novo protein synthesis and was inhibited by amino acid analogues. There was no modification in the protein synthesis rate during adaptation, but the

While various studies have been conducted on the innovative potential suffix of Japanese vowel verbs, commonly known as ranuki kotoba (lit. ra-omission words), few studies exist on the use of the innovative form based on situational context and style of speech. The main purpose of my thesis is to provide an up-to-date quantitative analysis on the situation-based use of ranuki kotoba (referred to a

Åldersbedömningar av ensamkommande barn är vanligt förekommande i asylprocessen. Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att undersöka hur åldersbedömningen ska gå till och vilken betydelse utfallet av åldersbedömningen har för frågan om uppehållstillstånd. För att problematisera åldersbedömningen har jag utgått från grundläggande bevisteoretiska och processrättsliga principer, så som bevisbördans placAge assessments of unaccompanied minors are common in asylum procedure. The purpose with this thesis is to examine how such an assessment should be made and how the applicant’s age affects the question of asylum. I am using basic principles in evidence theory and procedural law, such as burden of proof and free evaluation of evidence, to problematize the age assessment. I am also discussing the mo

What does it mean to follow Jesus’ commandment to love your enemy and turn the other cheek, as a Palestinian Christian? In this work, the reception of Matthew 5:38 – 48 is examined in the context of Palestinian Christians under the present-day Israeli occupation. Six individuals were interviewed in September 2012. The thesis takes its starting point in the reception history focusing on the time of

In this study the probable outcome of the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam is investigated. At the same time an attempt is made to derive general factors that can determine whether a common source of water leads to conflict or cooperation between states. This is done by contrasting two different theories regarding conflict and cooperation over water in a heuristic case study. Th

Since the mass protests erupted in early 2011 has the Arab Spring been the central focus for studies from various approaches. This study seeks to contribute to the understanding of the Arab Spring from the perspective of democratisation theory. More specifically, the study analyses the case of the Arab Spring as a set of paths determined by the interplay of class actors. In doing so, the study fol

Det nya traktatet Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), eller Traktatet om förbud mot kärnvapen, trädde i kraft den 22 januari 2021, och således har ett nytt regelverk trätt in på internationella arenan. Med hänsyn till både konsekvenser för miljön och humanitära konsekvenser syftar det nya traktatet till att totalt eliminera kärnvapen. För att uppnå sina höga ambitioner innehåller As the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) entered into force on 22 January 2021, a new legal instrument regulating nuclear weapons entered the international arena. With considerations of the humanitarian and environmental consequences of the use of nuclear weapons, the new Treaty aims for the total elimination of nuclear weapons. In order to accomplish its high ambitions, the Trea

Recently, a high degree of political polarization has been identified within the body of civil society organizations corresponding to the socio-political climate in Turkey. From this viewpoint, this thesis characterizes, presents and analyzes the societal roles of women`s organizations in the transition process. The study consists of six principal chapters, each of them dealing with intertwined an

Phantoms mimicking the specific mechanical and acoustic properties of human tissues are essential in the development and evaluation of novel ultrasound methods. In this work, various ultrasound phantoms are proposed to be used in the development of ultrasound methods to investigate the arterial walls longitudinal movements influence on the vasa vasorum circulation. The longitudinal movement of art