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The thesis provides the analysis of the concept of neutralisation based on the existing case law of the CJEU, AGs' opinions and academic writings. It introduces the reader to the meaning, scope and the purpose of neutralisation. The core aspect is the difference in the approach used by CJEU in allowing to use the neutralisation as a compensatory measure for discriminatory treatment of a taxpay
This thesis discusses the recent hot topic in the intersection of IP law and competition law; “pay-for-delay” agreements in the pharmaceutical industry. Such agreements arise in patent disputes where originator manufacturers (‘Originators’) claim patent infringement by the generic manufactures (‘Generics’). However, patent infringing defendants end up paying the plaintiff large sums of money, acco
This thesis examines social change and the collective trauma for women in Ukraine after the collapse of the Soviet Union by investigating general subjective wellbeing at the intersection of gender, generation and ethnicity. It argues that women had a special position during and after the Soviet regime due to the existing familialistic discourses both in the Soviet Union and independent Ukraine, an
Proportionalitetsprincipen inom den humanitära rätten förbjuder genomförandet av en attack om den förväntas leda till dödsfall eller skador på civila och på civil egendom, vilka är överdrivna i relation till den förväntade militära vinningen. Mitt intryck, vilket också är en utgångspunkt för uppsatsen, är att proportionalitetsprincipen inom den humanitära rätten tillämpas i mycket liten utsträckniThe principle of proportionality in International Humanitarian Law prohibits attacks where civilian casualties and damage to civilian property are expected to be excessive in relation to the military advantage anticipated. This rule is exposed to critique and whether it is even applied to practical situations can be questioned. The premise of the thesis is that the principle of proportionality in
Credit default swap spreads and credit ratings are two indicators and measures of credit risk. A credit default swap is a type of financial derivative that protects the holder from any losses incurred by the reference entity in the case of a negative credit event, in return for an annual premium, the spread. The main question asked in this essay is whether credit rating announcements have any sign
Branchless banking, the use of alternative delivery channels such as mobile banking and agent banking, is becoming increasingly popular among commercial banks in Kenya and in other developing countries. It is believed to reach the low-income and rural individuals as well as making these individuals better off. This study is an attempt to examine whether the use of mobile banking and agent banking
Abstract This essay will examine if there is a possibility that the Millennium Development Goal number 3 (MDG 3) can be achieved by year 2015 in Bangladesh. Therefore, an examination will be performed of the report The Millennium Development Goals, Bangladesh Progress Report 2011. Focus will be on MDG 3 which aims on promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment for instance in Bangladesh. In
This thesis aims at understanding, from a world-system analytical and decolonial perspective, the structural causes behind the outbreak of the Tipnis-conflict in Bolivia in 2011. Through interviews with representatives from the governmental party MAS and social movements that have taken up different positions in the conflict, and in dialogue with world-system analytical and decolonial theorists, t
This thesis explores how history is represented in the video game Ghost of Tsushima from 2020. The game is set on the island of Tsushima off the coast of Japan during the Mongol invasion of 1274. Players are placed into this world as the fictive samurai Jin Sakai, fighting to free the island from the Mongol yoke. At the same time the samurai is torn between following his family's code of honou
Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) provide a broad range of services and are becoming increasingly involved in topics of policy and governance. At the core of any organisation are the members who constitute it, and the strength of civil society is tied to the strength of its support base. Questions of increasing participation rates are therefore not just matters of concern for fellow participants
The automotive industry, a matured and vital global sector, is currently facing the biggest upheaval so far in the necessity to emancipate itself from fossil fuels. This moment before technical revolution is used for a detailed comparison of innovative performance of the sector in the last 15 years. With innovation being interpreted along the lines of technical progress in key variables, this thes
Microbial water quality is often assessed with heterotrophic plate counts (HPC) which are not trustworthy and time consuming, and flow cytometry (FCM) with DNA staining by SYBR® Green I (SG) has been suggested as a suitable tool for analyzing the bacterial community in drinking water. This study investigated the existing staining protocol and then applied this protocol to monitoring of slow sand f
South Africa is one of the most unequal countries in the world. The issue of land ownership highlights racial and economic inequalities as the country fights to overcome the enduring legacy of apartheid. The Land Restitution Program seeks to redress victims of land dispossession, addressing both national development and individual justice. This paper investigates the prioritization of the processi
India is booming and new sectors that have the cutting edge internationally are mushrooming in size across the country. One such sector is the Information Technologies (IT) industry, but it has attracted international attention not solely for its large scope on the international market, but also because it is a pioneer ahead of its Western peers. As a percent of the total labour force Indian women
Unemployment is an arousing problem in many parts of the world. That is why exploring this area is so important nowadays. This study takes a closer look at the influence that organisations, that is previous or future employers, can have on the process of unemployment. Time dimension and cultural differences are the aspects that were taken into account. The participants were divided into three grou
When the United Nations was created in 1945, states were the only significant decision-makers. Even with the construction of the human rights regime in the aftermath of the Second World War, states were designated as the only duty-bearers who could violate international human rights law. States alone were held responsible for implementing human rights principles by enforcing treaty-based obligatio
The aim of this work is to analyze the Chinese Great Leap Forward (大跃进Dayuejin) (1958-1961) and the reasons why its economic and social policies caused such a big imbalance and deficit in the Chinese economy. The thesis is divided in four chapters: The first chapter focuses on the Leap’s antecedent period; it begins with a very brief introduction to the key events after the establishment of the Pe
