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This econometric study examines the relationship between expected returns and volatility in ten industrialized countries. It includes three models; GARCH-M, EGARCH-M and the PARCH-M model. Furthermore, it investigates if the results change with the use of several time intervals, different data frequency and the inclusion of macroeconomic variables into the models. The results provide evidence that
The economic crisis and its negative effects on different industries is a very important and extensively analyzed topic today; this paper reflects these issues and aims at exploring two specific topics – the change in default risk in different industries during the economic downturn and the extent of this change as of before and after the crisis. The industries in the research have been categorize
Ian McEwan's novels Atonement and Saturday open up for discussion of class. Present-day society gives people access to art and literature to a greater extent than before, which evens out the divisions of knowledge over class boundaries. McEwan seems to suggest that literature can pave the way for overcoming class differences through sympathy and identification. This essay aims to examine what
We revisit the Scottish care reform of 2002 to estimate the effect of free formal personal care for the elderly on informal caregiving and labour market participation using a difference-in-differences approach. We find that previous studies’ results suffer from bias due to violations of identifying assumptions. As a result, the effects on informal care are inconclusive. Nonetheless, we identify a
Purpose: The purpose of our work is to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomenon of “quiet quitting”. We aim to challenge its various manifestations and question the existing diversity in definitions by examining different work behaviours of quiet quitting. In addition, we examine the reasons, while paying particular attention to the supervisor-subordinate relationship. Methodology: This study
Under det senaste decenniet har Europeiska kommissionen inlett utredningar om statligt stöd rörande skattearrangemang mellan flera EU-medlemsstater och stora multinationella företag. I flera av utredningarna hävdade kommissionen att statsstöd hade förekommit eftersom de nationella skattemyndigheterna hade godkänt skatteupplägg som inte var förenliga med armlängdsprincipen. Även om det argumentet iDuring the last decade, the European Commission has launched state aid investigations into tax arrangements between several EU member states and large multinational corporations. In many of these investigations, the Commission argued that state aid was present because the national tax agencies endorsed transfer pricing practices that were not compliant with the arm’s length principle. While this a
I believe that it is uncomplicated to present a plausible rational account of the final result of the negotiations. There are also reasons to believe that normative considerations played a role in Norway´s decision to unilaterally increase its contribution to the Central and Eastern European countries. The purpose of this paper however is to show that in order to achieve a deeper understanding of
This thesis examines the Energy Charter Treaty's (ECT) Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) standard, how it was modernized in 2024, and how this modernization affects the legal position of developing and energy-exporting nations, especially those in the Caspian Sea region. The goal is to determine whether modernization broadens states' regulatory latitude to pursue the energy transition and
Drawing on securitization theory from the Copenhagen School, this paper examines how Boko Haram and the farmer-herder conflict in Nigeria have been discursively framed by Nigerian political leadership during the administration of President Muhammadu Buhari and Vice-President Yemi Osinbajo (2015–2023). This paper offers a qualitative discourse analysis of public speeches and the words chosen regard
There is still limited understanding of how entrepreneurial identity evolves over time and what the consequences of such changes are. Entrepreneurs in the creative industry is an interesting field to study identity work due to the ongoing tension between the commercial drive for growth and financial success and the creative pursuit of artistic authenticity and expression. This study, refers to the
Keywords: Children and Consumption, Children and Social Media, Sephora Kids, Kidfluencer Culture, Digital Consumer Culture, Beauty Norms, Gender Socialisation, Gender Performativity, Social Media, TikTok Thesis aim: The aim of this study is to explore how young children perform beauty practices on social media platforms. Particularly, this study aims to deepen the understanding of the phenomena o
The third sector encompasses organisations that are highly value-driven and oriented toward social change, often addressing needs overlooked by governmental bodies. This thesis explores the leadership experiences of women in this sector, focusing on their motivations for attaining leadership roles, self-leadership strategies used, and whether they encounter gender-based barriers throughout their l
In an increasingly digital and hyperconnected world, traditional advertising strategies are losing traction as consumers rely on social media for inspiration, information search and purchase decisions. This thesis investigates the influence that social media-based viral marketing, conceptualized as the strategic and synergic union of user-generated content, influencer marketing and brand-generated
A rapid increase in renewable energy in response to climate change often generates local conflicts. To achieve a just transition to renewable energy, it is crucial to embed justice into its development processes. I examined the case of solar development in Kushiro, Japan. By combining the theories of multispecies justice and procedural justice, this thesis analyzed how local stakeholders perceive
This thesis explores the patterns of shared e-scooter usage in the cities of Oslo and Stockholm, with a focus on understanding how these trips relate to public transport services. While e-scooter usage has soared during the last decade, policy makers, urban and transportation planners attempt to understand this new phenomenon and its effect to public transport. Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Soot, formed during incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons, is a challenging compound to study. It affects air quality, climate, and human health. Its structural and optical properties are not fully understood due to variations in particle size, structure, chemical composition, and degree of carbon hybridization. In this work, soot was generated using a MiniCAST 5201C soot generator, which produces
In the ocean, carbon export is driven by the biological carbon pump where organic matter is transported from the surface layer to the deep sea. The sinking particulate organic matter is mainly a product of phytoplankton aggregates and faecal pellets from zooplankton & fish, together also known as “marine snow”. Marine snow is continuously being degraded by microbial and zooplankton activities
Title: Sustainability in cross-atlantic economies: The effect of ESG score on cost of debt in the EU and US Seminar date: 2025-06-02 Course: BUSN79 - Degree Project in Accounting and Finance Authors: Johan Hellberg & Vilhelm Andersson Supervisor/examiner: Elias Bengtsson/Diem Nguyen Key words: ESG, cost of debt, financial systems, sustainability regulations, stakeholder Purpose: This stu
This paper examines the role of imported Rhenish pottery in the expression of cultural identity by Frisian merchants in Viking Age emporia. From the beginning of the Viking Age, a new maritime trade network developed in the North Sea and Baltic region that would eventually connect vast areas of Europe through long-distance trade. Along these routes new trade settlements would appear, the emporia.
