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Knowledge in statistics is essential to draw solid conclusions from data. This chapter covers the basic concepts needed to navigate in the world of biostatistics, with the aim that the reader should know what to search for when encountering new situations. First, the chapter introduces basic concepts such as scales of measurement, relation between sample and population, and features of stochastic
Diagnostic nuclear medicine, more recently also named functional molecular imaging, deals with medical procedures performed to help diagnose a variety of diseases. The procedures are based on the use of tracer amounts of radioactive material, where a radionuclide is attached to a ligand with specific affinity to a physiological, metabolic, or receptor-specific process. To balance the benefit of a
The relationships between structure and function in human knee femoral cartilage are not well-known at different stages of osteoarthritis. Thus, our aim was to characterize the depth-dependent composition and structure (proteoglycan content, collagen network organization and collagen content) of normal and osteoarthritic human femoral condyle cartilage (n = 47) and relate them to their viscoelasti
Results on integration of InAs on W films through template assisted selective epitaxy are presented. The InAs crystals are analysed using SEM, electron beam backscattering and in-situ electrical measurements. A high yield of single crystalline InAs can be obtained for certain template diameters and pitches which demonstrates that this is a viable route to integrate III-V semiconductors in the back
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to explore elite Para athletes' and coaches' perceptions of experiences of athlete health monitoring.Materials and MethodsThis study used a qualitative design, applying a phenomenographical approach. Thirteen athletes and six coaches from two different socioeconomic contexts (the Swedish and South African Paralympic programs) participated. Data were collected th
IntroductionThe interest in Para athletes’ health continues to increase. Still, there are few studies that have evaluated health parameters beyond injury and illness in this athlete population.ObjectiveTo assess: i) the weekly proportion of elite Para athletes reporting anxiety/depression, low sleep levels (≤7 hours) and pain over 52 weeks and; ii) and to explore whether these health parameters ar
An appropriate production of mature blood cells, or hematopoiesis, is essential for organismal health and homeostasis. In this developmental cascade, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) differentiate into intermediate progenitor types, that subsequently give rise to the many distinct blood cell lineages. Here, we describe tools and methods that permit for temporal and native clonal-level HSC lineage t
The Josephson junction of a strong spin-orbit material under a magnetic field is a promising Majorana fermion candidate. Supercurrent enhancement by a magnetic field has been observed in the InAs nanowire Josephson junctions and assigned to a topological transition. In this work we observe a similar phenomenon but discuss the nontopological origin by considering the trapping of quasiparticles by v
Impaired semen quality is present in approximately 50% of all infertile couples, indicating decreased fertility in the male. The etiology is unknown in 40-60% of the cases and standard semen parameters provide limited information about the cause and the chance for pregnancy in vivo or in vitro. Assessment of sperm DNA strand breaks may therefore be useful for optimal infertility treatment. Since t
Objective To describe the incidence and burden of illness at the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games, which was organised with strict COVID-19 countermeasures. Methods Daily illnesses were recorded via the web-based injury and illness surveillance system (teams with their own medical staff; n=81), and local polyclinic services (teams without their own medical staff; n=81). Illness proportion, incidence an
A fundamental understanding of the process parameters affecting the catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of bio-oils is of significance for enabling further progression and improvement of industrial biofuel upgrading methods. Herein, a novel demonstration and evaluation of the effect of temperature, pressure, and weight hourly space velocity in the continuous HDO of vanillin to cresol over a Ni-Mo/δ
BACKGROUND: Salivary amylase, encoded by the AMY1 gene, initiate the digestion of starch. Whether starch intake or AMY1 copy number is related to disease risk is currently rather unknown. The aim was to investigate the association between starch intake and AMY1 copy number and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality and whether there is an interaction. In addition, we aim to identify CV
BackgroundMany ultraprocessed food (UPF)-derived by-products may play a role in the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although several studies have assessed the association of UPFs with kidney function decline or CKD in various countries, no evidence has been shown in China and the United Kingdom.ObjectivesThis study aims to evaluate the association between UPF consumption and risk of C
INTRODUCTION: Since 2006, one hospital has offered two clinical courses in obstetrics/gynaecology and paediatrics to international (I) students. However, as I-student enrolment increased, the hospital faced cut-backs. As from 2010, I-team course evaluations therefore dropped to unacceptable levels and more I- than Danish (DK) students failed exams. Therefore, in 2012 we started a three-year intern
BACKGROUND: The Emergency Department (ED) is a common route to hospitalization for critically ill and older adults. Older patients are admitted to hospital at a higher rate and have longer length of stay (LOS) when hospitalized. To be able to confront an increasing aging population, meet their medical needs and influence rising costs of health care, there is a need to focus on the older population
In situ stability studies of an IrO2(110)-TiO2(110) model electrode are carried out under acidic water electrolysis conditions, employing synchrotron-based techniques including surface X-ray diffraction (SXRD) and X-ray reflectometry (XRR) with a photon energy of 21.5 keV. These experiments are complemented by ex situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and X-r
Bragg diffracted intensities and q values for crystalline structures with long repeat distances may be obtained by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigations. An account is given of the methods, advantages and disadvantages of obtaining such data by the multichromatic time-of-flight method, compared with the more traditional quasi-monochromatic SANS method. This is illustrated with data
In the passive solar water heater, temperature stratification is a valuable thermodynamic parameter for horizontal water storage tanks. This investigation aims to optimize the deflector and numerically study the effects of various deflector lengths and materials on temperature stratification of a horizontal water storage tank during natural convection. Firstly, comparative thermal performances of
Diabetes mellitus (DM) incidence have been assessed in connection with air pollution exposure in several studies; however, few have investigated associations with source-specific local emissions. This study aims to estimate the risk of DM incidence associated with source-specific air pollution in a Swedish cohort with relatively low exposure. Individuals in the Västerbotten intervention programme
