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The 2004 Merger Regulation introduced a change to the substantive test for the Commission's intervention in mergers. The Commission is now able to block mergers which significantly impede effective competition in the EC. The purpose of the change was to guarantee that the Commission could deal with all harmful effects to competition resulting from a merger. More specifically, the purpose was t
The market freedoms of the EC Treaty first of all commit the Member States not to erect hindrances to the internal market. Obstacles to the free movement of goods and the other market freedoms may also originate from other authors than the Member States. Individuals may hamper the functioning of the internal market, and even the European Community itself might pass legislation affecting the market
The textile industry represents a major economic sector with millions employed. With over 200 trillion litres of water consumed each year, it is responsible for a tenth of global emissions, dwarfing aviation and maritime shipping, combined. The wastewater generated is predominantly non-biodegradable, constituting a complex matrix of various contaminants that have long-lasting effects on aquatic an
Context: The chemical evolution of Cu in the Galactic bulge have been studied in a few studies using red giant branch stars, but the ages of individual red giant stars are difficult to determine. In addition, the bulge has been a challenging region of the Milky Way galaxy to obtain high-resolution spectra of stars, except when observing through certain few small fields into the bulge that are know
Certain organic micropollutants and emerging contaminants are increasingly detected in wastewater effluents due to enhancement of detection techniques and new technological processes or household items being introduced. Some of them can accumulate in food chains and/or pose health risks for humans, wildlife and ecosystems. Often, these are very difficult or impossible to sufficiently remove using
Klimatpåverkan och dess effekter är ett högaktuellt ämne för alla branscher och industrier särskilt för bygg- och fastighetsbranschen som år 2021 stod för 22% av utsläppen av växthusgaser i Sverige (Boverket, 2024a). Visserligen har det skett en minskning av utsläppen för branschen sedan 2008 men behovet av att bygga nya bostäder är stort samtidigt som byggkostnaderna i Sverige blir dyrare och dyrThe impact of climate change and its effects is a current topic for all industries, especially the construction and real estate sectors, which accounted for 22% of greenhouse gas emissions in Swedenin 2021 (Boverket, 2024a). Although emissions from the sector have decreased since 2008, the need for new housing is significant, and construction costs in Sweden are rising more and more every year. T
Med 2024 officiellt uppmätt som det varmaste året hitills är klimatförändringarna och behovet av att minska utsläppen är mer aktuella än någonsin. Sveriges viktigaste uppgift i denna utmaning är att effektivt elektrifiera sina två största källor till koldioxidutsläpp: industrin och transportsektorn. Dessa två sektorer står tillsammans för hela 65 % av landets utsläpp. Elektrifieringen förväntas leThere is an urgent need to reduce CO2 emissions in Sweden, primarily caused by industry and the transport sector, which together accounted for nearly 65% of the country's total CO2 emissions in 2023. A key solution to this challenge is the rapid and effective implementation of green electrification, which involves transitioning industry and transportation to electricity and electricity-based f
The Swedish technical consultancy firms are today facing a number of exciting challenges. A majority of the firms’ larger customers have already established themselves in the international market. Simultaneously they have also begun to appreciate the need of a closer cooperation with a selected number of their suppliers. Hence, opportunities arise for the technical consultants to take on a larger
Abstract: According to Skånemejerier executives, approximately 80% of greenhouse gas emissions occur on the farm. Public concern in greenhouse gas emissions has steadily grown over the past few years prompting inquiries about the amount of greenhouse gases are emitted by Skånemejerier during its course of business. The most common question received relates to the amount of greenhouse gas emitted i
Three standard approaches of finding Value at Risk; age weighted historical simulation, volatility weighted historical simulation and t – distribution were compared with Value –at – Risk calculated using generalized extreme value theory during the period 2000 to 2010 to see which approach that would give the most accurate forecast of actual losses during the two volatile times within the time fram
Summary The EU and the Member States are concerned about VAT fraud and they consider it necessary to reduce the gap the VAT fraud makes. The purpose of this thesis is to describe three methods that are used in the fight against VAT fraud. Those methods are the reverse charge mechanism, joint and several liability and the knowledge test. Those methods are described, defined how they are used and wh
En hel del företag arbetar idag med att försöka minska sina utsläpp och därmed även sin klimatpåverkan såväl från egen verksamhet som nedströms och uppströms om egen verksamhet. Ett av de företag som jobbar med att minska utsläppen är företaget Scania som producerar och tillhandahåller transportlösningar såväl i Sverige som globalt. Utsläppen från Scanias egen verksamhet låg 2021 på 105 800 ton COThis master thesis is carried out in collaboration with the company Scania which is a provider of transport solutions. The thesis is carried out at Scania’s production unit Engine Assembly where engines are assembled, tested and painted. All engines proceed through a standard test procedure while some of the engines also proceed through special test procedures carried out in the ”Audit Area”. The
Molnens roll i klimatsystemet har studerats och deras påverkan på solens inverkan på jordens energibalans. Jordens albedo påverkar energibalansen genom att den påverkar hur mycket av solens instrålning som reflekteras eller absorberas. Moln påverkar jordens albedo och spelar därför en viktig roll i denna balans. Molnbildning sker till nära 100% i troposfären och där finns allt det vi kallar väder.The role of clouds in the climate system has been studied and their impact on the Sun's impact on the Earth's energy balance. The Earth's albedo affects the energy balance by influencing how much of the Sun’s radiation is reflected or absorbed. Clouds affect the Earth's albedo and therefore play an important role in this balance. Cloud formation occurs almost 100% in the tropospher
Idag behandlas nästan hälften av alla cancerpatienter i Sverige med någon form av strålbehan- dling, som komplement till annan behandling eller som självständig terapi. Strålningen är opti- merad för att koncentrera effekten på tumörområdet och minimera biverkningar på intilliggande organ och vävnad. Dagens strålbehandling utnyttjar flera strålslag som tillför olika behandlings- former och valbarhPurpose/Background Proton beam scanning (PBS) for mediastinal Hodgkin's Lymphoma (HL) is limited when treating in free-breathing (FB) due to breathing motion in the thoracic region. Tumour motion and the time structure of the beam delivery will cause interplay and dose blurring effects, resulting in discrepancies of dose in the planned dose distribution both inside and at the edges of tumour v
Simulering av viktnedgång visar minskad belastning på brosket i knäleden Artros i knäleden är en av de vanligaste orsakerna till handikapp bland äldre och medför stora kostnader för samhället och sjukvårdssystem världen runt. Kostnaderna ökar dessutom. Bättre metoder för att tidigt upptäcka artros eftersöks för att kunna sätta in preventiv behandling. Att simulera knäledens biomekanik med beräkniOsteoarthritis (OA) is a common musculoskeletal disorder that degrades articular cartilage and is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Overweight has been considered a major risk factor of knee OA, and it is known that weight loss may reduce the risk of knee OA. The biomechanical mechanisms of how weight loss affects knee cartilage are however unknown. Evaluating the biomechanics of cartilage
I juni 2022 röstades ett lagförslag igenom i riksdagen vilket resulterade i att det kostnadsbaserade avdraget för resor till och från arbetet (arbetsresor) ändrades om i grunden till att vara en färdmedelsneutral och avståndsbaserad skattereduktion. Innan de nya reglerna hann träda i kraft den 1 januari 2023 ändrade sig riksdagen och röstade i stället igenom ett förstärkt reseavdrag med höjda schaIn June 2022, a bill was passed through Riksdagen which led to the cost-based write off for traveling to and from your employment (work commute) being changed to accommodate non-specific travel methods and distance based tax deduction. Before the new bills had gone into effect starting from the 1st of january 2023, the Riksdag changed their mind and opted to pass a new bill that allowed for higher
Wetlands are valuable ecosystems, and assets for human life, that must be regularly monitored, starting with accurately mapping their location and extent. However, an updated national inventory of wetlands is needed. The availability of multi-source data, and advanced machine learning algorithms in Google Earth Engine (GEE) offers excellent opportunities to map wetlands on a country-wide scale. Th
Information technology is in common use in our society and has affected government offices around the world and in Sweden as well. This has created a whole new form of administration that uses computerised aid in handling areas that generate a big amount of cases. Earlier examples of this within the Swedish administration is the tax authority's tax return through the Internet or by SMS and the
A company that wishes to initiate a profit-sharing scheme involving its employees have a number of legal formats at its disposal. This thesis deals with one of these, namely the profit-sharing foundation where companies share part of their profit with their employees by allocating part of the profit to a foundation according to certain established legal rules and principles. The profit-sharing fou
