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This paper treats four saxicolous species of Caloplaca occurring mainly in subtropical or semiarid regions in North and Central America, C. baueri, C. cinnabarina, C. rosei, and C. rubelliana. These species are mainly characterized by 1) a continuous to cracked areolate thallus, 2) thallus without marginal lobes, 3) areole margins broadly attached to the substrate, 4) cortex distinctly paraplecten
Bet-hedging is defined as a strategy that reduces the temporal variance in fitness at the expense of a lowered arithmetic mean fitness. After a few technical points, we will here argue that this definition of bet-hedging is badly suited for models with density- and/or frequency-dependent fitness. A strict interpretation cannot be employed; possibly, a modified definition is necessary.
The purpose of our thesis is to, based on theory, investigate if venture capital investment generates value by increasing the credibility of Swedish start-up firms. If so, we continue by studying which factors influence the credibility value added in Sweden. The methodology is based on the concept of non-financial value added (NFVA) and we use primary data collected through a survey. We conclude t
We define a ray, show how to use ray intervals, and demonstrate how to specify a ray using DirectX Raytracing (DXR).
This study examines the relationship between Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance and stock returns within the STOXX Europe 600 Index over the period 2019–2024. A balanced panel dataset was constructed by applying a frozen basket approach including 465 firms with continuous index membership and complete ESG data from Refinitiv Eikon. The analysis evaluates whether ESG scores, t
In southern Siberia there is a culture of throat singing, a singing technique where a person can create two different and clearly audible tones at the same time. This throat singing phenomenon has flowed from the Tuvan republic in Russia out into the entire world. Persons of different ethnic origins sing and teach throat singing to persons from all kinds of nations, thus all kinds of persons come
This thesis investigates if China is a socialist economy or not. The topic, which has triggered many leading scholars, is highly interesting since institutions are pivotal to understanding a country’s economic performance. Previous studies have neglected the classic socialist literature, giving ambiguous interpretations of what is socialism. This thesis fills that gap through a multicriteria appro
In southern Siberia there is a culture of throat singing, a singing technique where a person can create two different and clearly audible tones at the same time. This throat singing phenomenon has flowed from the Tuvan republic in Russia out into the entire world. Persons of different ethnic origins sing and teach throat singing to persons from all kinds of nations, thus all kinds of persons come
The basic bound on the generalisation error of a PAC learner makes the assumption that a consistent hypothesis exists. This makes it appropriate to apply the method only in the case where we have a guarantee that a consistent hypothesis can be found, something that is rarely possible in real applications. The same problem arises if we decide not to use a hypothesis unless its error is below a pres
This thesis investigates the value relevance of accounting metrics in the Nordic stock markets from 2018 to 2022, applying and extending the Ohlson equity valuation model. Given the increasing importance of intangible assets in modern economies, we also explore how traditional accounting metrics explain stock prices, particularly for companies with high intangible asset ratios. Using a deductive r
The purpose of this study is to further investigate how market timing and cash need rationale affects stock performance subsequent to a seasoned equity offering and, by doing so, to expand on previous literature on the subject of seasoned equity offerings and stock performance. In this thesis a quantitative approach taken by estimating buy-and-hold abnormal returns subsequent to a seasoned equity
The role of massive stars (those with masses greater than eight solar masses) in the chemical enrichment of galaxies and renewed star formation forms an important field of fundamental research in modern astrophysics. The complex nature of massive star evolution produces formidable challenges in furthering our understanding of the processes driving massive star evolution. Our ever-changing picture
The presence of birds in an ecosystem is often a good indicator of the overall biodiversity. Since birds can be hard to see, their sounds are often used instead to measure their presence. To automatically detect birds the most common method is to use a time-frequency representation together with a convolutional neural network. The most used time-frequency representation is called the spectrogram.
The purpose of this study is to research how consumers adopt discourses to make sense of their experiences with brand co-creation on social media platforms. We wish to bring forward how the interactions of the stakeholders involved in the co-creation process affects the consumers, through the theoretical lens of governmentality and exploitation. The literature review outlines the conversation tha
Far from being an extinct phenomenon, piracy still exists in the modern world and is a growing menace to the security and safety of shipping. Using the data on attacks against vessels reported between 1996 and 2005 merged with the data on the total world merchant fleet, this article inquires whether acts of piracy are a truly random occurrence. Results show that both flag of registry and type of v
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This chapter focuses on lessons from the arts to qualitative research, especially, what reflection on jazz improvisation may bring to qualitative research. One lesson concerns the dynamics of different kinds of authenticity. Just as jazz improvisation can be authentic in more than one way, so can research. Another lesson concerns the dynamics of observation and interpretation. Just as jazz improvi
