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The notion that a unified EU is a more effective Union is a prominent, but contested assumption within the field of EU external action. But how relevant is the EU’s unity for the attainment of its foreign policy objectives? For issues of political salience, such as migration, EU unity carries particular relevance. This thesis asks: to what extent does the European Union’s level of cohesiveness aff
Since the introduction of temporary internal border controls in the Öresund region the threats to public policy and internal security have had many faces. Threats moved from being placed under the climate security sector, to the social sector and most notably, the military sector. The Swedish and Danish governments have continuously securitized threats ranging from the Covid-19 pandemic, to terror
Over the last few decades, changes have been observed in the Swedish defence and security identity. While countless studies have examined the reason behind this transformation, identifying factors such as external shocks, ontological security and role theory, the normative dimension of this development has received less attention. This thesis therefore examines whether the Swedish defence and secu
The EU's Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), a crisis response of 673 billion euro to the Covid-19 pandemic, made it possible to reward reforms in Member States for the first time. This thesis investigates whether the RRF can promote structural reforms, in line with the Eu-ropean Semester's Country Specific Recommendations (CSRs), using a principal-agent framework to theorise the RRF’s
European agriculture is shaped by technical debates whose implications are deeply political. When the European Commission decides on the safety of an agricultural technique, it is settling a scientific question whilst also making a political choice: which knowledge matters, which risks deserve attention, and which futures are worth investing in. This thesis analyses the evolution of the European C
This thesis investigates the role of EU accession in shaping the mobilisation strategies of anti-gender civil society actors in Croatia. Drawing on social movement theory, Europeanisation, and multi-level governance, it develops a causal mechanism whereby EU accession reconfigured anti-gender actors’ political opportunity structures in ways that contributed to a combination of EU-critical framing
This thesis explores how Brussels-based EU-affairs media discursively construct and contest sustainability conditionality and enforcement in reporting on the EU–Mercosur Association Agreement (EUMAA). It situates these mechanisms within the EU’s broader use of trade agreements to pursue non-trade policy objectives related to EU values and standards. Drawing on postcolonial and decolonial theory, i
This thesis analyzes speeches given by US state legislators when debating paid parental leave legislation. In the 2019 legislative session Colorado and Nebraska both proposed paid parental leave legislation, although only Colorado was able to pass the legislation. Using Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis and three-dimensional analysis alongside framing theory, this research identifies the fr
This thesis examines the Netherlands as a deviant case in the cooperation networks of the Council of the European Union. Drawing on seven waves of the Negotiations in the Council of the European Union dataset (2003-2021), it documents a trajectory more complex than the existing literature recognizes: a positive size-adjusted residual (overperformance) in every wave combined with a sustained declin
On the EU’s path towards climate neutrality in 2050, green hydrogen has emerged as a crucial energy carrier to support decarbonization. Despite growing academic attention, there is a lack of literature critically engaging with green hydrogen projects from a postcolonial perspective. Focusing on renewable energy as an external dimension of the Green Deal, this thesis asks: How does the EU-Morocco ‘
Although Cyprus and Spain initially emerged as the strongest opponents of engaging with Kosovo, driven by fears over the implications for their independence movements, their practices have since unexpectedly diverged. Therefore, the following research question is posed: What factors explain the differences in Cyprus's and Spain's engagement with Kosovo since its declaration of independence
This thesis provides an in-depth exploration of how the EU’s resilience-building initiatives for the Eastern Neighbourhood have evolved against Russian hybrid threats since 2022. Russian invasion of Ukraine significantly altered the security order on the continent, reshaping the EU’s perception of its own security. In response to increased hybrid threats, the EU has employed extraordinary regulato
This thesis investigates the extent to which the European Commission has emerged as a meaningful actor in the European security landscape by examining its response to Russian hybrid threats in the Baltic Sea Region in an increasingly uncertain geopolitical landscape marked by the 2022 invasion of Ukraine. Has the role of the Commission fundamentally changed? Does the Commission continue to operate
From the mid-2000s onwards, deep and comprehensive bilateral ‘new generation’ free trade agreements (NGFTAs) became the central instrument of the European Union’s (EU) Common Commercial Policy (CCP). The Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between the EU and Canada was initially praised for its innovative scope and design and intended to serve as an archetype for future EU trade agre
The Ruhr Area is the most densely populated region in Europe and is founded on the mining of coal and production of steel. However, throughout the last decades it has endured many hardships, as the coal industry shut down and thus leaving the region as one of the poorest in Germany, while grappling with the loss of an element that once gave the region its identity. During recent years there has be
This thesis examines how asymmetrical interdependence constrained the European Union’s bargaining maneuverability during the 2025 EU–US trade negotiations. Although the EU is frequently described as a major structural trade power due to its market size, regulatory influence and collective trade competence, the negotiations demonstrated that structural power does not automatically translate into ef
The usage of AI in organisations is increasing at a fast pace and is creating a growing de-mand for AI governance and AI-policies. Despite this, the knowledge of how policies are formulated and translated into practise is at large limited. This study aims to qualitatively explore how Nordic organisations navigate both the process of formulating and translating their AI-policies into practise. This
The relationship between the United Kingdom and Kenya is longstanding, evolving from a colonizer-colony relationship to a contemporary ‘partnership’ centered on aid processes and effectiveness. Since Kenyan independence, the UK has maintained close ties through various development initiatives. For this thesis, we have analyzed 12 development cooperation policy papers. To analyze these documents, w
This thesis examines women's mobilisation in civil defence in Finland and Bangladesh through the lens of feminist security studies. Civil defence has gained renewed relevance following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022 and broader security challenges, yet women's roles within the sector remain underexplored. Drawing on three analytical concepts, security as gendered, gender as a str
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022 prompted an immediate sanctions response from the European Union (EU). However, this response revealed diverging interests within the EU, since energy sanctions affected member states unevenly. This was particularly visible in the cases of Hungary and Poland, where energy dependence and security concerns differ. Therefore, this research analyses what factors ex
