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Popular Abstract in Swedish Polyomavirus är en familj av små DNA-virus som har onkogena egenskaper i försöksdjur i celler in vitro. De humana polyomavirusen BK virus (BKV) och JC virus (JCV) infekterar en stor del av befolkningen. Ungefär 70-80 % av vuxna är seropositiva, har antikroppar mot BKV och JCV. Primär infektion inträffar oftast under barndomen och är ofta subklinisk. Efter primära infektThe human polyomaviruses BKV and JCV are endemic and infect > 70% of population worldwide. Primary infections occur during childhood and are largely subclinical. Following primary infection, both viruses persist as latent infections in the kidneys and B lymphocytes. Under conditions of severe immunosuppression like leukaemia, organ transplantation and AIDS, the viruses can reactivate and cause dis

The research described in this thesis, focuses on some activities on the demand side that could reduce peak load in electricity system by using consumer flexibility i.e. by increasing the demand side response to signals coming from the energy market. The major objective is to test and analyse different strategies to reduce peak load at the demand side considering their techno-economic, environment

The Swedish Program "Leadership, Organization and Communication" (LOM) was a research and a development program designed to support local processes of change in the private and the public sector. The program was carried out between 1985 and 1990. The strategy of LOM was focused on two basic principles: the principle of democratic dialogue and the principle of development of a "communicative infras

The thesis presents a rheological study on wheat flour dough, in relation to the structural influence of the different dough constituents, added components and mixing time. Rheological investigations have been focused on measurements at small deformations, including dynamic oscillation and stress relaxation, although complementing measurements have been performed in large deformation viscosity exp

In this study we present a new aqueous two-phase system where both polymers are thermoseparating. In this system it is possible to recycle both polymers by temperature induced phase separation, which is an improvement of the aqueous two-phase system previously reported where one of the polymers was thermoseparating and the other polymer was dextran or a starch derivative. The polymers used in this

Global warming and its effects on climate are of great concern. Climate change can affect buildings in different ways, i.e. it can change the energy demand or the moisture durability of buildings in the future. In Sweden, most of the last 20 years have been mild and wet compared to the 1961-1990 climate reference period. Future needs and risks of the building sector depend on the future climate wh

The capacity to assemble, store, and make available information in databases is ever growing. This development has accelerated in recent decades, driven by the advent and increased use of digital networks. Already at an early stage, it led to demands for legal protection of databases. In most countries databases have been protected in national legislation based on copyright principles. However, th

Inom ramarna för den övergripande debatten om hållbar utveckling har det aktiebolagsrättsliga vinstsyftet kommit att ifrågasättas. Kritiker menar att det i lag presumerade vinstkravet riskerar medföra att bolag eftersätter hållbarhets-arbete till förmån för vinstmaximering. Denna risk har uppmärksammats i den engelska lagstiftningen, som i och med ikraftträdandet av Companies Act 2006 föreskriver Within the framework of the overall debate on sustainable development, the profit motive under company law has been called into question. Critics argue that the profit requirement presumed by law risks leading companies to ne-glect sustainability work in favour of profit maximisation. This risk has been recognised in English legislation, which, with the entry into force of the Com-panies Act 2006,

Uppsatsen behandlar straffbarhetsåldern och den föreslagna sänkningen till 14 år som lämnats av utredningen, SOU 2025:11, samt vidare utkastet till lagrådsremissens förslag att sänka till 13 år. Syftet med uppsatsen är att ge en djupare förståelse av straffrättspolitiken i samtiden och därigenom bidra till mer välgrundade överväganden. Detta görs genom att kritiskt analysera materialet och försökaThis thesis covers the age of criminal responsibility and the proposal presented by the governmental committee, SOU 2025:11, that proposes a lower age of criminal responsability – an age of 14 in the governmental committe and 13 in the draft referral to the Council on Legislation. The aim of the thesis is to provide a deeper understanding of contemporary criminal justice policy, and as a result, c

Säkerhetsläget i Europa har förändrats drastiskt under de senaste åren, med de två största förändringarna i Rysslands invasion av Ukraina, och NATO:s expandering med Sverige och Finland som nya medlemsstater. Den ökade militariseringen i Europa har också resulterat i att en gammal fråga nu igen dykt upp i den allmänna debatten, nämligen frågan om Åland borde remili-tariseras i syfte att säkra ÖsteThe security in Europe has changed dramatically during recent years, with the two most significant changes being Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, and NATO:s expansion with Sweden and Finland as new member states. The increasing militarization in Europe has also brought back an old question into the public debate, namely if the Åland islands should be re-militarized with the purpose of securing the Ba

Under senare år har regeringen intensifierat arbetet mot hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck genom flera lagstiftningsreformer. Bland de senaste åtgärderna återfinns kriminaliseringen av oskuldskontroller, oskuldsintyg och oskulds-ingrepp. Regeringen har framhållits att dessa företeelser kränker flickors och kvinnors kroppsliga och sexuella integritet. I samband med en kriminalisering aktualiserasIn recent years, the Swedish Government has intensified its efforts to combat honour-related violence and oppression through several legislative reforms. Among the most recent measures is the criminalization of virginity testing, virginity certificates and virginity-restoring procedures. The Swedish Gov-ernment has emphasized that these practices violate the bodily and sexual in-tegrity of girls a

This chapter aims to discuss the meaning and implication, in terms of international law, of the concept of permanence with accountability in the framework of the tenth Review Conference of the States party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and in the interval between this and the next Review Conference. After contextualizing the concept of permanence with accountabili

Avian Influenza Viruses (AIVs) infect many mammals, including humans1. These AIVs are diverse in their natural hosts, harboring almost all possible viral subtypes2. Human pandemics of flu originally stem from AIVs3. Many fatal human cases during the H5N1 outbreaks in recent years were reported. Lately, a new AIV related strain swept through the human population, causing the 'swine flu epidemic'4.

This is a proposal to organize a session.Description:The rapid development of the technological progress is constantly reshaping the organization of the firm, raising important labour law issues.One of the red treads of this phenomenon is the shifting of the focus from the “activity” performed by the worker, to the “result” obtained.In the past it was not always possible to measure the output prod

In the last decades, the frequency and intensity of cyanobacterial blooms have been of increasing concern. They have become a direct threat to the drinking water supply by clogging filters, bringing odour and unpleasant taste to the treated water and worst of all, causing elevated cyanotoxins, which can be difficult to remove, yet lead to severe health issues. This thesis aims to present a compreh

Under 2016 antogs företaghemlighetsdirektivet i EU, för att harmonisera skyddet för företagshemligheter inom unionen. Den här uppsatsen behandlar företagshemlighetsdirektivet och de förändringar som dess implementering medför för svensk rätt, i synnerhet direktivets bestämmelser om ”intrångsgörande varor”. Den svenska lagen (1990:409) om skydd för företagshemligheter (FHL) är en konkurrensrättslDuring 2016 the EU adopted the Trade Secrets Directive, in order to harmonize the protection of trade secrets within the union. This essay examines the Trade Secrets Directive and the changes its implementation entails for the Swedish legal system, in particular the directive’s regulations regarding “infringing goods”. The Swedish law for the protection of trade secrets (“lagen (1990:409) om sky

Hedersrelaterat våld är ett ämne som engagerar. Förutom att ämnet debatteras flitigt i massmedia höjs regelbundet röster om att våldet borde särkriminaliseras, t.ex. genom ett införande av hedersmotiv som särskild straffskärpande grund. Men inom rättsvetenskapen är hedersvåld fortfarande ett förhållandevis outforskat område. Hur ser rättsystemet, särskilt domstolar, egentligen på och hur resonerarHonor-related violence is a captivating topic. It has been a frequent subject of debate in Swedish mass media and voices have regularly been raised demanding that specific criminal laws against such crimes should be introduced, e.g. making honor motives an aggravating circumstance when deciding penalty. However, in legal doctrine, honor-related violence is still a relatively unexplored subject.

Begreppet social hållbarhet har nyligen blommat upp i olika sammanhang inom fastighetsbranschen. Många fastighetsbolag använder begreppet men inte sällan råder oklarheter i vad arbetet med social hållbarhet egentligen innebär. Syftet med examensarbetet är att konkretisera vad social hållbarhet innebär för fastighetsbranschen samt var lönsamheten ligger i det arbetet. För att kunna göra det utgårSocial Sustainability is frequently used in different contexts within the real estate industry, although there sometimes are uncertainties about the definition of the term. The purpose of this study is to concretize the term social sustainability in the perspective of the real estate sector and to identify how companies can profit from working with it. A qualitative study is done by interviewing

Vi befinner oss i en tid där väl utformad design utgör en eftertraktad konkurrensfördel vid reklam- och saluförandet av produkter. Det blir därför allt viktigare för formgivare och företag att kunna skydda sina immaterialrättsliga prestationer för att kunna kapitalisera på dem. Inom ramen för de immaterialrättsliga regelverken finns det möjligheter till skydd för en designprodukts utseende inom upWe are currently at a day and age when well-designed products represents a sought after competitive advantage in the advertising and sales of goods. It is therefore becoming increasingly important for designers and companies to be able to protect their intellectual property rights and capitalize on them. Within the framework of intellectual property rights, it is possible to achieve protection of

Föreställningen att alla människor är lika inför lagen, och skall erhålla samma rättsliga skydd, är allmänt vedertagen inom västerländsk rätt. Detta till trots görs det alltjämt undantag till denna regel. Beroende på faktorer hänförliga till brottsoffrets identitet, såsom vederbörandes yrke, sexualitet, ålder och etnicitet, m.fl., kan fysiskt likvärdiga våldshandlingar ibland bestraffas olika. DenThe notion that all are equal before law, and thus are entitled to equal protection by law, is well established in Western society. However, there are still exceptions to this rule. Physically similar acts of violence may be punished differently, depending on the identity of the victim. Not only the severity of an assault, but also the sexuality, occupation, age and ethnicity of the victim are fac