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Background: Guidelines recommend neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and radical cystectomy (RC) for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Current recommendations do not consider genomic profiles, although the Basal/Squamous (Ba/Sq) subtype is less likely to respond to NAC compared to Urothelial-like (Uro) and Genomically Unstable (GU) subtypes. The aim of this study is to perform cost-effectiveness a

With a worldwide increase in climate-related disasters and the global temperature on the rise, the effects of climate change are already being felt. Among those most at risk are the poor in developing countries, often living in informal settlements or „slums‟. In order to reduce associated risks and strengthen people‟s own coping capacities, there is an urgent need for knowledge about the factors

Abstract of chapter 1 For n >= 2 the number of mixing n-step subshifts of finite type (sft) over the alphabet {0, 1} is proven to be at least 15/16 times the number of transitive n-step sfts. A conjecture assumes the latter to be at least 2^(3*2^(n-1)-n). Abstract of chapter 2 The alternating colouring function is defined. Strings over the alphabet {0, 1} are divided in colourable and non-colouraImagine an of characters A and B. Such can be thought of as a paper strip with As and Bs written on it, one end of which one holds in the hand while the other stretches over the horizon without ever ending. Or as a calculator that displays a new character each second. Or as a printer with an infinite amount of paper and ink that unfortunately only prints As and Bs. In contrast to infinite strings

Matrester i Chiles huvudstad kan driva bussar och ge landet skjuts i klimatfrågan. Två tredjedelar av stadsbussarna i Santiago de Chile skulle kunna drivas av biogas, om det organiska avfallet i landets kärnregion tas tillvara på. Förändringen hade dessutom minskat Chiles totala klimatpåverkan med 2%. I Sverige är vi vana vid att åka stadsbuss där det glatt annonseras att den drivs av matavfalle

Växter behöver ljus för att växa. Ljuset omvandlas till kemisk energi genom fotosyntes i växtens blad. Den kemiska energin kan sedan användas av växten. Ljusabsorptionen i växter har en begränsning. Alltför mycket ljus kommer att orsaka bildning av högenergimolekyler som är skadliga för växterna. Därför måste växter justera mängden ljus som tas upp. Ljuset i miljön förändras ständigt och exponerin

The halotolerant bacterial strain BU-4, isolated from a hypersaline environment, was identified as an exopolysaccharide (EPS) producer. Pretreatment liquids of steam-exploded quinoa stalks and enzymatic hydrolysates of Curupaú sawdust were evaluated as carbon sources for EPS production with the BU-4 strain, and the produced EPS was characterized using FTIR, TGA, and SEM. Cultivation was performed

The extraction of spectral information in the inversion process of time-domain (TD) induced polarization (IP) data is changing the use of the TDIP method. Data interpretation is evolving from a qualitative description of the subsurface, able only to discriminate the presence of contrasts in chargeability parameters, towards a quantitative analysis of the investigated media, which allows for detail

Purpose The purpose of this study is to better understand online anonymity in the global file-sharing community in the context of social norms and copyright law. The study describes the respondents in terms of use of Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) or similar services with respect to age, gender, geographical location, as well as analysing the correlation with file-sharing frequencies. Design/me

Växter behöver ljus. Ljuset omvandlas genom fotosyntesen till kemisk energi som kan lagras i växten. Mer ljus ger således mer energi men bara upp till en viss gräns. När växten inte längre kan hantera mängden ljus som den utsätts för kommer flaskhalsar i processen orsaka att högenergetiska tillstånd blir mer långlivade. Dessa reaktiva ämnen kan då orsaka skada på närliggande komponenter, vilket kaPlants and algae need light to drive the photosynthetic machinery. An excess of light will, however, result in damage to the photosynthetic machinery and to the rest of the organism. The surplus of energy, when exposed to light stress is converted into less harmful heat energy through a process called non-photochemical quenching. This quenching is partly dependent on the xanthophyll pool located i

In order to reduce the net climate impact of concrete production, it is necessary for the industry to undertake several actions. Among these is to include fly ash and slag as supplementary cementitious materials. Accordingly, this project has studied concrete containing low-calcium fly ash or ground-granulated blast-furnace slag. In incorporating fly ash or slag as supplementary material, the ceme

Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning (1) En stor del av världens befolkning dabbas av cancer någon gång under deras livstid. Cancerceller har en förmåga att bli resistenta mot de cellgifter som används som behandling. Det finns därför en stor efterfrågan av nya substanser som kan hjälpa oss att förstå de fundamentala orsakerna till olika typer av cancer och eventuellt fungera som botemedel. KolhydraAbstract (1) Carbohydrates are a class of biomolecules that play important roles within the cellular biochemistry. Functionalized carbohydrates are building blocks in our DNA in addition to being major components of the cell’s signaling molecules called proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans. Certain carbohydrates with aromatic side chains have been shown to inhibit the biosynthesis of these signali