Metabolic reprogramming in diabetes and other endocrine and metabolic disorders : exploring the Warburg effect, ketones, and SGLT2 inhibitors
The “Warburg effect”, a metabolic adaptation observed in dividing cells, involves a shift from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to cytoplasmic glucose metabolism. This metabolic process is characterized by increased cellular uptake of glucose and glutamine, elevated intracellular pH and sodium levels, enhanced protection against oxidative stress, altered autophagy, and increased lactate pro
