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Suveränitetsprincipen fastställer att varje stat fritt får råda över sina interna angelägenheter, utan inblandning från andra stater. Det internationella samfundet har också enats kring att människor ska skyddas från kränkningar av mänskliga rättigheter. Humanitära katastrofer som sker inom en stats gränser belyser en konflikt mellan dessa två fundament inom folkrätten. Utomstående stater ställs iThe principle of sovereignty implies that every state has the right to control its internal affairs, without interference from other states. The international community has also agreed that people should be protected from human rights violations. Mass atrocities that occur within the borders of a state highlights a conflict between these two cornerstones of international law. External states are f

Parter kan genom att införa en skiljeklausul som bestämmelse i ett avtal välja att förbehålla prövningen av tvister i anledning av det avtalet åt skiljenämnd. När nämnden eller domstol har att avgöra om skiljenämnden är behörig att pröva en viss tvist kan det hända att en faktisk omständighet är av omedelbar relevans både för avgörandet i behörighetsfrågan och för avgörandet i sakfrågan. Dessa omsBy including an arbitration clause in an agreement, two parties can choose to resolve future disputes relating to that agreement through arbitration. When the arbitration board, or a court, is to determine if the arbitration board has the authority to solve a dispute the situation can arise when a certain fact of the case is of relevance both to determine the jurisdiction of the board, but also to

Knowledge on how polymeric materials changes or is affected when exposed to products is of interest and importance for many commercial applications. Understanding the product interaction on packaging materials is the key to preventing errors and increasing the quality of products. At Tetra Pak®, product packaging is created to make food and drink safe and accessible everywhere. Therefore, packagin

Studien avsåg undersöka hur kontext påverkade eventsegmentering och minnesbaserad, temporal bedömning. Vidare undersöktes samband mellan psykiskt mående och förmåga till eventsegmentering. Ett datoriserat minnestest användes för att utforska hur kontext påverkade upplevelsen av temporal närhet mellan två objekt. Objekten hade tidigare presenterats med antingen samma kontext, två olika kontexter elThe study intended to examine how context influenced event segmentation and memory based, temporal estimation. Furthermore the study explored correlation between mental illness and event segmentation. A computerized memory test was conducted to investigate how the contexts influenced the estimation of temporal proximity between two objects. The objects were presented with either same context, two

Numerous papers and studies have shown that the rainforests are experiencing a decline in biodiversity. The rainforests are getting depleted of larger primates and this poses a problem for the trees as many of them rely on primates and other seed dispersers to distribute their seeds. These empty forests are spreading, but does that mean that everything is hopeless? This study aims to investigate t

Syftet med denna uppsats är att redogöra för gällande rätt kring utevarohandläggning i brottmål samt närmare belysa den problematik som kan uppkomma vid handläggningen. Detta sker med hjälp av den rättsdogmatiska metoden. En stor del av uppsatsen riktar in sig på frågan om rätten kan utreda saken tillfredsställande samt utföra en ändamålsenlig bevisvärdering om den tilltalade inte är närvarande viThe purpose of this essay is to examine the law of trial in the absence of the defendant in criminal cases (trial in absentia) and illuminate the complex of problems that can arise during processing. This is done by using the legal dogmatic method. A substantial part of the paper addresses the question of whether the court can investigate the case satisfactorily and carry out an appropriate evalua

Misshandel är ett begrepp vi i allmänhet förknippar med allvarligt våld mot en, helt eller delvis, försvarslös part. Våld mot den enskilde är en gärning som kriminaliserats i lag då samhället ser den som klandervärd både i Sverige och Danmark. Rättsordningen har till syfte att skydda den enskildes intresse, och i vissa fall till och med skydda den enskilde från sig själv. Det man ofta inte tänker Assault is a concept we generally associate with serious violence against a, wholly or partly, defenceless party. Violence against an individual is an act the society has criminalized because of the danger and effect it can have on the party concerned. The purpose of the legal system is to protect the individual´s interest, and in some cases even protecting the individual from himself. Even if the

This study aims to investigate whether countries succeed to reduce their contribution to global emissions when countries reach higher levels of income. As a result of rapid changes in international trade, a country’s emission responsibility goes beyond national borders, which should be adequately captured in their carbon footprint. This study discusses that the two conventional accounting measures

The purpose of this study was to examine social workers experiences of the work with a child perspective when dealing with financial aid. A qualitative study with four semi-structured interviews with social workers was performed. The sample was made through purposive sampling of social workers in the department of financial aid in different municipalities in northwest Skåne. The results of the int

Sammanfattning: Denna studie syftar till att undersöka vilka åtgärder som kan vidtas för att hantera problematik med kusterosion i Skåne. Målet är att fastställa vilka alternativ som finns vid val av erosionsskydd och hur de olika typerna fungerar. För att uppfylla syftet genomfördes en litteraturstudie av böcker, artiklar och elektroniska källor. Denna kompletterades med fältstudier vid Löderup sAbstract: The aim of this study is to investigate which measures that can be used to handle coastal erosion in Scania, southern Sweden. The purpose is to determine which alternatives that exist when choosing between different kinds of coastal protection and how these methods work. A literature review, including books, articles and electronic sources, was conducted. This was complemented with a fie

The aim of this thesis is to analyze and determine the meaning of the term “Beneficial Owner”, in the model treaty of the OECD and therefore its meaning in bilateral negotiated treaties based on the model treaty. The term’s legacy and application is presented. While the meaning and application of the term is being presented, its application as, as well as border to, anti-abuse rules are examined.

När en kompilator optimerar programkod så är det typiska tillvägagångssättet att applicera en sekvens av transformationer på den ursprungliga koden. Den slutgiltiga prestandan kan försämras om ordningen på den sekvensen inte är optimal. För att komma runt det här problemet har jag undersökt ett kompileringssätt baserat på Program Expression Graphs (PEGs), och utvecklat ett tillägg till ARMs existeCompiler optimizations are typically implemented as a sequence of trans- formations, applied to some representation of source code. The problem of ordering these transformations in an optimal way is commonly referred to as the phase-ordering problem. Program Expressions Graphs (PEGs) are a code representation designed to get around this problem, by deferring the decision of which optimizations to

År 2004 infördes ett erkännandeförbud i svensk lagstiftning mot i utlandet ingångna barn- och tvångsäktenskap. Tidigare fanns möjlighet att kringgå de svenska hindersreglerna, som förbjöd sådana äktenskap, genom att ingå äktenskap utomlands. Förbudet syftade till att motverka de negativa verkningar sådana äktenskap för med sig för kontrahenterna. Möjlighet till erkännande fanns dock om parterna saIn 2004, a recognition prohibition concerning child and forced marriages entered outside of Sweden was implemented. Previously, one could to circumvent the Swedish rules, which banned such marriages, by entering into marriage abroad. The prohibition aimed to counteract the negative effects such marriages have on the individual. However, there still was a possibility of recognizing a child marriage

Historically, the field of glacial geology has put much focus on the processes within the subglacial environment, their effects on unconsolidated sediments and the landforms they produce. Subsequently, the impact of subglacial processes is fairly well documented and understood regarding unconsolidated sediments. However, except for processes of abrasion and quarrying, not much focus has been dedic

We present the formulation of a scattering matrix method for the study of light-scattering properties of metal films. The method is employed for the study of the optical excitation of surface plasmons in a gold film of 15-230 nm thickness, patterned periodically with subwavelength nanoholes. The gold film is placed on a thick SiO2 wafer, and the nanoholes as well as the top side of the gold film a

The initial stages of stress corrosion on an amorphous polymer is investigated. This is done by exposing stressed specimens of polycarbonate to an acetone and water solution. The surface develops two distinct features of degradation that appear on different length scales when subjected to tensile stress. Small pits form on the surface and make it rough. These pits are in the order of micrometers,

Two methylcelluloses (MC) were investigated by partial hydrolysis followed by direct infusion electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Partial hydrolysis was achieved either enzymatically or by acid hydrolysis. Enzyme hydrolysis was performed using the endoglucanase Bacillus agaradhaerens Cel 5a. Three different hydrolysis buffer solutions were investigated in order to deter-mine which

The dissertation deals with the construction of norms of academic excellence in the Swedish discipline of history 1900-1945. The area of focus is the competition for professorial chairs in history. The legacy of the discipline viewed history as a holistic concept, binding together most humanistic disciplines. From the perspective of this legacy, the view of empirical specialization was becoming in